Near-Ultrahigh Pressure Processing of Continental Crust: Miocene Crustal Xenoliths from the Pamir

Xenoliths of subducted crustal origin hosted by Miocene ultrapotassicigneous rocks in the southern Pamir provide important new informationregarding the geological processes accompanying tectonism duringthe Indo-Eurasian collision. Four types have been studied: sanidineeclogites (omphacite, garnet, sanidine, quartz, biotite, kyanite),felsic granulites (garnet, quartz, sanidine and kyanite), basalticeclogites (omphacite and garnet), and a glimmerite (biotite,clinopyroxene and sanidine). Apatite, rutile and carbonate arethe most abundant minor phases. Hydrous phases (biotite andphengite in felsic granulites and basaltic eclogites, amphibolesin mafic and sanidine eclogites) and plagioclase form minorinclusions in garnet or kyanite. Solid-phase thermobarometryreveals recrystallization at mainly ultrahigh temperatures of1000–1100°C and near-ultrahigh pressures of 2·5–2·8GPa. Textures, parageneses and mineral compositions suggestderivation of the xenoliths from subducted basaltic, tonaliticand pelitic crust that experienced high-pressure dehydrationmelting, K-rich metasomatism, and solid-state re-equilibration.The timing of these processes is constrained by zircon agesfrom the xenoliths and ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar ages of the host volcanic rocksto 57–11 Ma. These xenoliths reveal that deeply subductedcrust may undergo extensive dehydration-driven partial melting,density-driven differentiation and disaggregation, and sequestrationwithin the mantle. These processes may also contribute to thealkaline volcanism observed in continent-collision zones. KEY WORDS: xenolith; high-pressure; subduction; Pamir; Tibet     

东帕米尔"层控碳酸岩型"铁铜金矿浅释

东帕米尔“层控碳酸岩型”铁铜金矿,形成于中元古代裂谷构造环境,产于中深变质相与中浅变质相转换部位,塔昔达坂群底部.矿床属海底喷流(含火山喷流)沉积成因,为菱铁矿和细碎屑岩-碳酸盐岩夹少量火山岩的沉积建造.铁铜金矿显示出上铁锰下铜金的元素垂向分带,构成新疆一个有希望的成矿区域.     

利用变形河流阶地限定帕米尔北缘木什背斜的缩短、隆升和侧向扩展

位于帕米尔前缘逆冲推覆体(Pamir Front Thrust,PFT)东端的木什滑脱背斜,是帕米尔弧形推覆构造带最前缘和最新的变形带。对地形横剖面、纵剖面和水系发育特征的分析表明,木什背斜总体上具有由西向东扩展生长的特征。在背斜核部及北翼发育数级开阔平坦的沿轴向展布的河流阶地,阶地可划分为4期。利用阶地堆积细颗粒石英光释光测年获得阶地面T2a、T3和T4的形成年龄分别为(15.8±2.40)ka、(55.1±10.3)ka、(131.4±23.9)ka。伴随背斜的生长扩展,河流阶地面发生了横向和纵向掀斜,并形成断层陡坎和褶皱陡坎。木什背斜晚第四纪的缩短和隆升主要是通过褶皱翼旋转机制进行的,估算其最小缩短速率为(1.6±0.3)mm/a,最小隆升速率为(1.9±0.3)mm/a。与此同时,沿轴向背斜发生了向东的侧向迁移和旋转。根据背斜垂直隆升与侧向扩展之间的关系,估算背斜在131～16ka期间向东的侧向迁移扩展速率较快,为 (14.6±3.6)mm/a; 自16ka至今,侧向迁移扩展速率迅速减小至(1.7±0.3)mm/a,背斜向东的迁移扩展可能已基本停止,而以侧向旋转为主。     

Late Cenozoic Deformation Sequence of a Thrust System along the Eastern Margin of Pamir, Northwest China

A thrust belt formed in the basin along the eastern margin of Pamir. The thrust belt is about 50 km wide, extends about 200 km, and includes three compressive structures from south to north: the blind Qipan structural wedge and Qimugen structural wedge, and the exposed Yengisar anticline. The thrust belt displays a right-stepping en echelon pattern. The Qipan structural wedge dies out northward to the west of the Qimugen structural wedge, and the Qimugen structural wedge dies out northward to the west of the Yengisar anticline. Detailed analysis of seismic reflection profiles of the western Tarim Basin reveal that fan-shaped growth strata were deposited in the shallow part of the thrust belt, recording the deformation sequence of the thrust belt. The depth of the Cenozoic growth strata decreases from south to north. The growth strata of the Qipan structural wedge is located in the middle-lower section of the Pliocene Artux Formation (N2a), the growth strata of the Qimugen structural wedge is close to the bottom of the Pleistocene Xiyu Formation (Q1x), and the growth strata of the Yengisar anticline is located in the middle section of the Xiyu Formation (Q1x). Combined with magnetostratigraphic studies in the western Tarim basin, it can be preliminarily inferred that the deformation sequence of the thrust belt along the eastern margin of Pamir is progressively younger northward. The geometry and kinematic evolution of the thrust belt in the eastern margin of Pamir can be compared with previous analogue modeling experiments of transpressional deformation, suggesting that the thrust belt was formed in a transpressional tectonic setting.     

东帕米尔北缘韧性剪切带中的多硅白云母及其地质意义

本文系统地研究了东帕米尔北缘韧性推覆剪切带内糜棱岩中的多硅白云母，电子探针分析和Ｘ射线衍射测试：从剪切带边缘→中心，多硅白云母硅平均含量为３．２０３４→３．３６０９；晶胞参数ｂ０值为９．０２４→９．０２７→９．０４１→９．０４５，其物相均为２Ｍ１型。发现糜棱岩中局部夹有硅线石，糜棱岩组合之上还发育数层红帘石石英岩。多硅白云母Ｋ－Ａｒ年龄平均值为３６．９５±１．２Ｍａ。故此确定该剪切带糜棱岩形成于低温（局部可达高温）、中至高压环境，形成时代为始新世末（３７Ｍａ）。     

Late Quaternary glacial and climate history of the Pamir Mountains derived from cosmogenic Be exposure ages

Moraines southwest of Lake Yashilkul, Pamir, Tajikistan, were dated using ¹⁰Be exposure ages of boulder surfaces. We found evidence for (1) an extensive glaciation ∼60,000 yr ago; (2) a less extensive glacial advance, which deposited a characteristic hummocky moraine lobe with exposure ages ranging from ∼11,000 to 47,000 yr, probably deposited at or before 47,000 yr ago; and (3) lateral moraines with exposure ages of ∼40,000 yr, 27,000 yr and 19,000 yr, respectively. Increasing aridity in the Pamir is most likely responsible for the progressively limited extent of the glaciers during the Late Pleistocene.     

KINEMATICS OF QUATERNARY EXTENSION IN THE PAMIR

KINEMATICS OF QUATERNARY EXTENSION IN THE PAMIR1　BurtmanVS ,MolnarP .GeologicalandgeophysicalevidencefordeepsubductionofcontinentalcrustbeneaththePamir[J].SpecPapGeolSocAm ,1993,2 81:76 . 2　StreckerMR ,FrischW ,HamburgerMW ,etal.QuaternarydeformationintheEasternPamirs ,TadzhikistanandKyrgyzs tan[J].Tectonics,1995 ,14(5 ) :10 6 1～ 10 79.…     

Mesozoic–Cenozoic multistage tectonic evolution of the Pamir: Detrital fission-track constraints from the Tajik Basin

Knowledge of the tectonic history of the Pamir contributes to our understanding of both the evolution of collisional orogenic belts as well as factors controlling Central Asian aridification. It is, however, not easy to decipher the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonics of the Pamir due to extensive Neogene deformation in an orogen that remains largely understudied. This study reports detrital apatite and zircon fission-track (FT) ages from both the eastern Tajik Basin sedimentary rocks and Pamir modern river sands. These FT data, supported by vitrinite reflectance and zircon and apatite U–Pb double dating, suggest that the majority of the FT ages are unreset and record exhumation stages of the Pamir, which has served as the source terrane of the Tajik Basin since the Cretaceous. Furthermore, we combine the new data with a compilation of published detrital apatite and zircon FT data from both the Tajik Basin sedimentary rocks and Pamir modern river sands, to explore the Mesozoic–Cenozoic tectonic history of Pamir. Deconvolved FT Peak Ages document two major Mesozoic exhumation events associated with the Late Triassic–Early Jurassic Cimmerian orogeny that reflects accretion of the Pamir terranes, as well as the Early–early Late Cretaceous deformation associated with the northward subduction of the Neo-Tethys Ocean beneath Pamir. The compiled data also show significant Late Eocene–Neogene exhumation associated with the ongoing formation of the Pamir, which peaks at ca. 36, 25, 14 and 7 Ma.     

泥炭记录的帕米尔高原晚全新世温度变化研究

近年来,“全新世温度谜题”已经受到全球古气候学者的广泛关注,为了解决这一谜题,需要在全球不同区域进行更多的全新世温度重建。帕米尔高原位于亚洲内陆核心区域,目前有关帕米尔高原全新世气候变化的研究相对较少,且已有的研究主要集中于相对湿度(或降水)变化的研究,而涉及温度变化的成果则相对较少。论文首先研究了表土碳同位素与气候因子之间的相关关系,结果显示帕米尔高原的δ¹³C_org与温度正相关;进一步在 7 个AMS¹⁴C 测年数据的支持之下,基于 175 个泥炭δ¹³C_α-cellulose分析,重建了帕米尔高原过去约5000 a的温度变化历史。结果发现：帕米尔高原晚全新世以来整体呈现波动升温趋势,约5000～3600 cal a BP阶段处于缓慢降温期;约3600～200 cal a BP 处于波动升温期;驱动机制分析显示,约 3600 cal a BP 之前温度下降主要是夏季太阳辐射下降导致的,约3600 cal a BP之后温度上升是由温室气体辐射强迫增强导致的。