Abschätzung der Eignung einer molekularbiologischen Methode zur Charakterisierung der Grundwasserbiozönose

Assessing the Suitability of a Molecularbiological Method To Characterise the Microbial Populations in Groundwater A molecularbiological technique was used to characterise the bacterial community structure of groundwater habitats. This method consists of the isolation of bacterial DNA from the samples, amplification of 16S rDNA by PCR (polymerase chain reaction), and separation of the amplified DNA by DGGE (denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis). By using more specific primer combinations in the PCR instead of universal eubacterial primers, also groups of microorganisms (Proteobacteria, sulfate reducer, Archaea) were determined. The resulting DGGE patterns that reflect the microbial diversity are compared and differences or similarities evaluated. In the present studies, groundwater from different sites (bank filtrate, artificially recharged groundwater, and natural groundwater) and with changing redox milieus (aerobic, anaerobic) were investigated as well as the solid aquifer material. Besides, samples were taken from the different stages of artificial groundwater recharge, i.e., from surface water to the drain tile. Samples from groundwater derived from sites with different hydrogeochemical or hydrological conditions like bank filtrate and recharged groundwater revealed great differences in DGGE patterns indicating a characteristic species composition in these habitats, while samples taken at different times from the same groundwater showed only small seasonal variations. Clearly different patterns were also found for groundwater and the adjacent solid material as well as for anaerobic and aerobic groundwaters. Looking at artificial groundwater recharge, almost identical patterns were found in raw water and samples from gravel and sand filtration. DGGE patterns from the resulting groundwater indicated a total change in community structure during underground passage. By using group specific primers, Desulfovibrionaceae, Desulfobacteriaceae, and Archaea could be detected in anaerobic groundwaters.The molecularbiological approach described here gives an increasingly comprehensive and more precise picture of the microbial population of different environments. It is especially suitable to compare the community structure from different habitats or to analyse changes for example due to environmental stress at the same site.     

应用二温式PCR检测诊断爱德华氏菌病

根据爱德华氏菌(Edwardsiella)的16S rDNA基因序列设计一对特异性引物,用二温式PCR对6株爱德华氏菌均扩增出与预期大小相一致的576 bp产物,而对嗜水气单胞菌(Aeromonas hydrophila)、温和气单胞菌(Aeromonas sobria)、荧光假单胞菌(Pseudcmonas fluoroscercs)、柱状屈挠杆菌(Cytophaga columnaris)、链球菌(Streptococcus)、葡萄球菌(Staphylococci)、弧菌(Vibrio)、大肠杆菌(Escherichia colibacillus)和沙门氏菌(Salmonella)等10种病原体的扩增,结果全为阴性。该二温式PCR可以检测到1 pg的爱德华氏菌DNA模板和48个菌体。本实验建立的二温式PCR为爱德华氏菌病的早期诊断与有效的防治提供了快速检测方法,对水产品的食品安全有重要的意义。     

东海原甲藻线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因的定量检测

建立了检测东海原甲藻线粒体细胞色素b(Cytb)基因mRNA含量的实时荧光定量PCR方法.以甲藻Cytb基因的简并引物扩增得到984 bp长的东海原甲藻Cytb基因片段,经克隆、测序,制备并纯化质粒.以光度法测定质粒浓度并作为标准品.对上述基因片段,利用PRIMER EXPRESS 3.0 设计引物,以梯度稀释的质粒标准品进行定量PCR反应,以SYBR Green I为荧光染料,制作标准曲线,得到基因拷贝数X与Ct值的关系为:Ct=-3.50 lg X+39.35(相关系数r为0.999).通过对不同生长时期的东海原甲藻样品的Cytb基因mRNA含量检测,发现该基因的表达量较稳定,平均值为(45.4±4.7)拷贝/细胞,受生长状态影响不大,可作为实时荧光定量PCR的内参基因.     

福建沿海巨蛎属牡蛎的主要种类及其分布

本实验采用了多重种类特异性PCR（multiplex species—specific PCR）技术,研究了巨蛎属（Crassostrea）牡蛎主要种类在福建沿海的分布．从沿海11个采样地点共采集了657个野生牡蛎样本,随机抽取了327个牡蛎样本进行基因组DNA的提取和线粒体COI基因的鉴定,结果发现200个个体为葡萄牙牡蛎（Crassostrea angulata）,101个个体为近江牡蛎（Crassostrea ariakensis）,20个个体为熊本牡蛎（Crassostrea sikamea）,6个个体为香港巨牡蛎（Crassostrea hongkongensis）．此次实验中未发现长牡蛎（Crassostrea gigas）．结果表明,福建沿海有葡萄牙牡蛎、近江牡蛎、熊本牡蛎和香港巨牡蛎4种巨蛎属牡蛎分布．     

PCR法制备地高辛标记探针斑点杂交 检测白斑综合症病毒(WSSV)

用PCR法成功制备了DIG标记探针，探针长度为547bp，探针的产量为21.6ng/μL。此探针与随机引物合成探针检测样品灵敏度相近。用此探针核酸斑点杂交法检测了54尾中国对虾。结果表明此探针在对白斑综合症病毒的检测、对虾暴发性流行病的诊断等方面具有很高的应用价值。     

南极冰藻 Chlamydomonas sp.ICE-L的 cDNA文库构建及品质检测

为构建南极冰藻Chlamydomonassp.ICE-L的cDNA文库,提取对数生长期南极冰藻ICE-L的总RNA,以此为模板,通过PowerScript逆转录酶逆转录合成第一链cDNA;再以第一链cDNA产物为模板,用LD-PCR合成第二链cDNA。该cDNA产物经分级分离转入大肠杆菌中,即获得南极冰藻ICE-L的cDNA原始文库,其滴度为1.6×106cfu/mL。扩增后的cDNA文库的滴度为1.0×1010cfu/mL。用PCR方法测得文库的重组率大于97%,插入cDNA的长度为0.5~1.8 kb,0.9 kb以上插入片段占50%以上。取适量扩增文库稀释并铺平板,挑取72个独立菌落,对其中22个独立菌落所插入的cDNA进行测序,克隆到了一个具有5′和3′非编码区的40S ribosomalprotein S5全长基因序列,GenBank收录号为AM167929。     

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN MULTIVARIATE CALIBRATION

With the goal of understanding global chemical processes,environmental chemists have some of the mostcomplex sample analysis problems.Multivariate calibration is a tool that can be applied successfully inmany situations where traditional univariate analyses cannot.The purpose of this paper is to reviewmultivariate calibration,with an emphasis being placed on the developments in recent years.The inverseand classical models are discussed briefly,with the main emphasis on the biased calibration methods.Principal component regression(PCR)and partial least squares(PLS)are discussed,along with methodsfor quantitative and qualitative validation of the calibration models.Non-linear PCR,non-linear PLSand locally weighted regression are presented as calibration methods for non-linear data.Finally,calibration techniques using a matrix of data per sample(second-order calibration)are discussed briefly.     

固定标本的DNA提取及PCR扩增

报道福尔马林、酒精固定的日本绒螯蟹标本的 DNA提取及 PCR扩增 ,并与冷冻、煮沸标本进行了比较。结果表明 ,福尔马林固定标本与酒精固定标本一样可以提取 DNA,加入的蛋白酶 K量越多 ,DNA的回收率越高。以提取的 DNA为模板 ,进行了线粒体 DNA12 S r RNA和 D- loop基因片段的 PCR扩增 ,经琼脂糖凝胶电泳 PCR扩增产物后均得到了与期待的碱基长度相一致的清晰谱带。     

霸王基因组RAPD优化条件的建立

实验以霸王20 d龄无菌籽苗为材料,使用CTAB法提取其基因组DNA,进行RAPD条件优化分析。通过单因子实验分别研究了Mg2+浓度、dNTPS浓度、Taq酶的浓度、引物浓度和模板DNA浓度对RAPD反应的影响,即在25 μL总反应体系中,Mg2+的适宜浓度为1.5~2.5 mmol\5L-1、dNTPs的适宜浓度为0.2~0.3 mmol\5L-1、随机引物的浓度以1.2 μmol\5L-1为宜、Taq酶的用量以2.0 U为佳、模板DNA的最适用量为50 ng。本研究的PCR扩增程序为94℃预变性8 min, 94℃变性1 min, 37℃退火1 min, 72℃延伸2 min,设40个循环,最后72℃保温6 min。     

大菱鲆mIgD重链基因的克隆与表达分析

利用RACE技术克隆获得大菱鲆(Scophthalmus maximus)膜结合型免疫球蛋白D(Membrane-bounded Ig,mIgD)重链基因的cDNA序列全长,该基因全长3 357bp,包含1个2 997bp的开放阅读框,编码999个氨基酸,基因结构为VDJ-μ1-δ1-δ2-δ3-δ4-δ5-δ6-δ7-TM。重链恒定区δ1~δ7氨基酸序列同源比对结果显示,其与庸鲽(78%)、鳜(71%)、牙鲆(68%)具有较高的同源性;多序列比对结果显示,大菱鲆mIgD的每个δ恒定区内均存在色氨酸与半胱氨酸保守位点。利用邻位相连法构建硬骨鱼类免疫球蛋白系统发育树,结果显示,鱼类IgD聚为一大支,大菱鲆IgD与庸鲽及牙鲆聚为一支。利用RT-PCR分析了大菱鲆IgD重链基因的组织差异表达,结果显示,其在外周血白细胞、脾脏、前肾及中肾组织中具有较高的表达。将大菱鲆腹腔注射福尔马林灭活鳗弧菌后,实时荧光定量PCR检测其前肾组织中mIgD重链基因应答表达量,结果显示,mIgD重链基因在注射鳗弧菌后呈显著下调趋势,在注射后8h时降至最低值,其相对表达量约为对照组的1/28,然后呈逐渐恢复上调趋势,在48h时mIgD相对表达量与对照组无显著差异。