苏北东海晋宁期蛇绿岩与苏胶造山带演化

苏北东海－赣榆地区出露的东海杂岩是苏胶杂岩的重要组成部分，它代表苏胶造山带的古老中带早期演化历史的重要地区。本文通过恢复和研究东海镁铁－超镁铁岩中的蛇绿岩、追苏胶造山带早期演化历史，为寻找金红石蓝晶石、金刚石、榴石宝石等与镁铁－超镁铁岩有成因联系的矿产资源提供背景资料。     

陕西南秦岭地质组成及其演化

综合分析南秦岭地质组成与构造特征，显示出区内经历了太古－早、中元古代基底形成阶段，晚元古－早古生代统一扬子大陆北缘演化阶段，古生代勉略－石泉海槽的形成、闭合造山阶段和燕山以来的陆内造山4个大的演化阶段，并形成了相应的岩石建造与构造变形组合。     

乌拉尔南部和印度南部地区隐晶质菱镁矿的地质与地球化学对比研究

印度南部和乌拉尔南部都有隐晶质菱镁矿产出，这两处矿床的产出地质环境相似，在矿物学和地球化学上具有广泛的相似性。印度南部的菱镁矿矿化主要与超镁铁质侵入杂岩体有关，并形成了部分已受变质的火山沉积地层。超镁铁质侵入杂岩体由纯橄岩，橄榄岩，辉石岩，辉长岩及它们的变质产物组成。在乌拉尔地区，菱镁矿床位于一个蛇绿岩带上的超镁铁岩地体中。隐晶质菱镁矿就以网脉状产出于超镁铁质岩地体上部的风化带中。印度和乌拉尔两个地区的矿床中的矿物组合都有菱镁矿，石英，方解石和白云石，但在印度南部的矿区中还含有滑石和菱铁矿。两个地区的菱镁矿矿石的质量都很好，所有的样品的主要成分都为菱镁矿(73～96％)，而方解石(1～3％)，白云石(0～7％)，菱铁矿(0～2％)，石英(0～5％)和滑石(O～2％)都只是次要矿物。次生的白云石和菱铁矿使一些矿石含有较高的CaO(最高达2．6％)和FeO(最高达1．6％)，石英和滑石等矿物则使矿石中的SiO2较高(5—8％)。滑石指示了低温成因，它的出现说明两个矿区的菱镁矿可能都是内生或外生的成矿流体在上升或下降的过程中在开放裂隙中沉淀而成的。本文研究表明，全球性的超镁铁岩中菱镁矿成矿事件与蛇绿岩带有关，这对菱镁矿的勘探有指导意义。     

Magmatic evolution of the Løkken SSZ Ophiolite,Norwegian Caledonides: Relationships between anomalous lavas and high-level intrusions

The Lower Ordovician Løkken ophiolite fragment shows a tripartite subdivision of its thick volcanic sequence into: (1) an Upper Volcanic Member (UVM) of transitional MORB/IAT character, comprising basalts or, in a related, thrust-bounded sequence, a bimodal basalt-rhyolite assemblage; (2) a Middle Volcanic Member (MVM) derived from widely variable, generally MORB-related magmas; and (3) a Lower Volcanic Member (LVM) of N-type MORB basalts which locally passes into an underlying sheeted dyke complex. The UVM and LVM were fed from relatively deep-seated magma chambers, and lavas were erupted at moderate flow rates to form predominantly pillow lavas. The whole sequence is interpreted as having formed in a marginal basin setting. The MVM is characterized by abundant voluminous sheet basalts thought to have been erupted at high flow rates. The volcanites had their source, through extensive dyke swarms, in high-level magmas which intruded the sheeted dyke complex and parts of the LVM, possibly in a near-axial seamount setting. The magmas differentiated to form plagiogranitic melts, with a wide range of conjunctive, mafic to intermediate cumulates. This plutonic assemblage, possibly in crystal mush form, was subsequently intruded by new, mafic magma, leading partly to large-scale remelting or assimilation of cumulus phases. These processes are reflected in the MVM by common hybrid flows, as well as local intermediate lavas having the geochemical characteristics of cumulates, erupted during a period of intense faulting. Major tapping of the primary, mafic magma occurred toward the end of the period of MVM volcanism. A predominance of voluminous, apparently fluid, massive flows in the MVM is mainly ascribed to the shallow depth of magma reservoirs.     

Field and geochemical characteristics of the Mesoarchean ( 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt, southern West Greenland: Evidence for seafloor hydrothermal alteration in supra-subduction oceanic crust

The Mesoarchean (ca. 3075 Ma) Ivisaartoq greenstone belt in southern West Greenland includes variably deformed and metamorphosed pillow basalts, ultramafic flows (picrites), serpentinized ultramafic rocks, gabbros, sulphide-rich siliceous layers, and minor siliciclastic sedimentary rocks. Primary magmatic features such as concentric cooling-cracks and drainage cavities in pillows, volcanic breccia, ocelli interpreted as liquid immiscibility textures in pillows and gabbros, magmatic layering in gabbros, and clinopyroxene cumulates in ultramafic flows are well preserved in low-strain domains. The belt underwent at least two stages of calc-silicate metasomatic alteration and polyphase deformation between 2963 and 3075 Ma. The stage I metasomatic assemblage is composed predominantly of epidote (now mostly diopside) + quartz + plagioclase ± hornblende ± scapolite, and occurs mainly in pillow cores, pillow interstitials, and along pillow basalt-gabbro contacts. The origin of this metasomatic assemblage is attributed to seafloor hydrothermal alteration. On the basis of the common presence of epidote inclusions in diopside and the local occurrence of epidote-rich aggregates, the stage I metasomatic assemblage is interpreted as relict epidosite. The stage II metasomatic assemblage occurs as concordant discontinuous layered calc-silicate bodies to discordant calc-silicate veins commonly associated with shear zones. The stage II metasomatic assemblage consists mainly of diopside + garnet + amphibole + plagioclase + quartz ± vesuvianite ± scapolite ± epidote ± titanite ± calcite ± scheelite. Given that the second stage of metasomatism is closely associated with shear zones and replaced rocks with an early metamorphic fabric, its origin is attributed to regional dynamothermal metamorphism. The least altered pillow basalts, picrites, gabbros, and diorites are characterized by LREE-enriched, near-flat HREE, and HFSE (especially Nb)-depleted trace element patterns, indicating a subduction zone geochemical signature. Ultramafic pillows and cumulates display large positive initial ε_Nd values of + 1.3 to + 5.0, consistent with a strongly depleted mantle source. Given the geological similarities between the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt and Phanerozoic forearc ophiolites, we suggest that the Ivisaartoq greenstone belt represents Mesoarchean supra-subduction zone oceanic crust.     

内蒙古西乌旗梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩的识别

新识别出的内蒙古西乌旗梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩位于中朝板块与西伯利亚板块之间的兴蒙造山带北部,从空间展布看,为二连浩特-贺根山蛇绿岩带的东延部分,通过对梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩进行详细的野外地质调查和岩石学、地球化学、年代学的研究,发现梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩带呈ENE-NE向展布,宽约6~11km,延伸约24km,蛇绿岩各单元出露较齐全,岩性主要为蛇纹石化方辉辉橄岩、层状-块状辉长岩、辉绿岩脉(墙)、枕状玄武岩、辉斑玄武岩、及硅质岩。蛇纹石化方辉辉橄岩具有低SiO 2、高MgO,稀土配分模式显示宽缓的U型,具SSZ(supra-subduction zone)型蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩特征。枕状玄武岩和辉绿岩脉(墙)具低K2O(平均0.82%)和TiO2(0.8%~1.2%)的特征,球粒陨石标准化显示LREE弱亏损的平坦型;微量元素MORB标准化蛛网图显示:枕状玄武岩和辉绿岩脉(墙)的大离子亲石元素Sr、K、Rb和Ba含量明显富集,而高场强元素Nb、Th、Ta、Zr、Ti明显亏损,为典型的SSZ构造背景成因的熔岩特征。获得块状辉长岩的LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄为308.5±2.2Ma,据此确定梅劳特乌拉蛇绿岩形成于晚石炭世,为约束兴蒙造山带的构造演化提供了新佐证。     

新疆中天山南缘库米什地区蛇绿岩的锆石U-Pb同位素定年:早古生代洋盆的证据

新疆中天山南缘库米什地区的榆树沟和铜花山蛇绿混杂岩包括地幔橄榄岩,辉石岩、辉长岩、斜长岩等堆晶岩,辉绿岩墙和基性熔岩,以及上部的硅质岩等。岩石地球化学研究表明,蛇绿岩的岩石类型来自MORB型和SSZ型两种构造背景。蛇绿岩及有关岩石的锆石U-Pb同位素年代学的研究表明,与中天山南缘洋盆扩张和闭合有关的事件至少可以分为4期: (1)奥陶纪-志留纪的洋盆形成事件,证据来自蛇绿岩斜长花岗岩和斜长岩,两者的年龄分别为435.1±2.8Ma、439.3±1.8Ma;(2)志留纪的岛弧岩浆作用,获得岛弧火山岩英安岩年龄422.1±2.6Ma 和花岗闪长岩年龄423.1±1.8Ma;(3)泥盆纪的剪切变形和糜棱岩化变质作用,由于板块斜向俯冲和碰撞作用,产生大规模的走滑作用和与之伴生的由剪切作用形成的糜棱岩,糜棱岩的形成年龄为402.8±1Ma,为早泥盆世;(4)俯冲碰撞后的造山带伸展阶段的岩浆作用,在俯冲碰撞作用之后发生与垂直主受力面张裂作用伴生岩浆作用,获得石英正长斑岩294.8±1.2Ma年龄,即晚石炭世。 此外,认为榆树沟蛇绿岩北部出露的麻粒岩是一个很特殊的构造岩块,岩石的锆石中普遍存在500~1800Ma的老核,表明其原岩很复杂,不属于蛇绿岩的组合 。     

雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰蛇绿岩中地幔橄榄岩的岩石学研究

西藏雅鲁藏布江缝合带西段普兰蛇绿岩以出现面积约600余平方千米的特大型地幔橄榄岩体而引人注目.该地幔橄榄岩以方辉橄榄岩为主体,含有少量的二辉橄榄岩和纯橄榄岩,岩体中另有一些橄榄单斜辉石岩、辉长岩和辉绿岩等侵入体.地幔橄榄岩的主要造岩矿物橄榄石的Fo 90～93,其中呈包裹体的橄榄石的Fo略高,斜方辉石为顽火辉石(En 88～90),单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石和透辉石,以低铝(0.48％～3.96％)和高Mg#(91～96)为特征,铬尖晶石的Cr#值为18～69,其中方辉橄榄岩和二辉橄榄岩中的铬尖晶石属富铝型尖晶石,而纯橄岩中为富铬型尖晶石.橄榄单斜辉石岩的橄榄石Fo值一致较低,平均为88.4,斜方辉石En平均87,单斜辉石以透辉石为主,铬尖晶石的Cr#值为45～69.普兰地幔橄榄岩及橄榄单斜辉石岩都具有相似的稀土元素和微量元素配分模式,表现为LREE相对富集,Eu亏损不明显,微量元素中大离子亲石元素含量较低,部分样品高场强元素亏损,另一些则相对富集,显示地幔橄榄岩具有亏损地幔源区特征,但也具有俯冲带流体的交代特征,表明普兰岩体可能经历了MOR和SSZ两种构造环境,该特征与雅鲁藏布江缝合带东段的罗布莎地幔橄榄岩的特征可以对比.     

藏南罗布莎铬铁矿床铬尖晶石矿物学与矿床成因研究

西藏罗布莎铬铁矿床是我国目前研究程度最高、规模最大、地幔橄榄岩相对新鲜的豆荚状铬铁矿床,主要工业矿体产于蛇绿岩壳-幔边界(即岩石莫霍面)以下方辉橄榄岩相带一定层位中,主要有块状、浸染状和豆状等矿石类型。罗布莎铬尖晶石成分变化范围大,依据铬尖晶石的化学成分与矿物学研究至少可识别出3个期次铬尖晶石:(1)成矿前期铬尖晶石,主要以熔蚀残斑晶、出溶晶及少量自形晶形式产于方辉橄榄岩中,以富Al₂O₃为特征,Cr^#值变化范围大(17.19~66.30),且大部分小于60,并与Mg^#值呈负相关关系,由出溶晶,残斑晶到自形晶铬尖晶石,总体表现向富Cr、Fe的方向演变;(2)成矿主期铬尖晶石,可分为早、晚2个阶段。早阶段铬尖晶石主要以它形晶产于不同类型铬铁矿石中,部分呈自形-半自形晶产于铬铁矿体的纯橄岩外壳中,主要以富铬为特征,矿石中Cr^#值变化范围小(70.08~87.03),均大于60,其中块状铬铁矿具有最高的Cr^#和Mg^#,由纯橄岩外壳中副矿物铬尖晶石向豆状、浸染状矿石以及块状矿石演变过程中,铬尖晶石化学成分总体向更富Cr、富Mg方向演变;晚阶段铬尖晶石:主要以自形-半自形晶产于具堆晶结构的纯橄岩相带中,成份上以更加富而贫Al₂O₃,且具有最低Mg^#(18.79~44.77)值为特征;(3)成矿晚期铬尖晶石,主要以网状集合体产于豆状-网脉状(眼眉状)矿石中,以更贫Al、富Fe为特征,具有最高的Cr^#值和低的Mg^#值。综合研究表明,罗布莎铬铁矿中的铬主要来自原始地幔岩本身,且主要来自于地幔橄榄岩中2种辉石的不一致熔融和对副矿物铬尖晶石的改造,原始富铬矿物可能来自地幔深部的八面体硅酸盐矿物。罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿的成矿作用具有多期次、多成因、多种构造背景下成矿特征,成矿作用过程经历了由大洋中脊(MOR)扩张环境向岛弧体系俯冲环境的转变过程,洋内俯冲带之上(SSZ)的弧间盆地环境是形成冶金级豆荚状铬铁矿的最为有利构造环境。研究提出了罗布莎铬铁矿的"三阶段"成矿模式,即,经历了大洋中脊预富集阶段,俯冲带之上主成矿阶段及之后的构造抬升改造阶段。纯橄岩与方辉橄榄岩接触带之下的方辉橄榄岩相带是寻找较大规模铬铁矿床的有利地带。     

Ophiolites of Iran: Keys to understanding the tectonic evolution of SW Asia: (I) Paleozoic ophiolites

Iran is a mosaic of Ediacaran–Cambrian (Cadomian; 520–600 Ma) blocks, stitched together by Paleozoic and Mesozoic ophiolites. In this paper we summarize the Paleozoic ophiolites of Iran for the international geoscientific audience including field, chemical and geochronological data from the literature and our own unpublished data. We focus on the five best known examples of Middle to Late Paleozoic ophiolites which are remnants of Paleotethys, aligned in two main zones in northern Iran: Aghdarband, Mashhad and Rasht in the north and Jandagh–Anarak and Takab ophiolites to the south. Paleozoic ophiolites were emplaced when N-directed subduction resulted in collision of Gondwana fragment “Cimmeria” with Eurasia in Permo-Triassic time. Paleozoic ophiolites show both SSZ- and MORB-type mineralogical and geochemical signatures, perhaps reflecting formation in a marginal basin. Paleozoic ophiolites of Iran suggest a progression from oceanic crust formation above a subduction zone in Devonian time to accretionary convergence in Permian time. The Iranian Paleozoic ophiolites along with those of the Caucausus and Turkey in the west and Afghanistan, Turkmenistan and Tibet to the east, define a series of diachronous subduction-related marginal basins active from at least Early Devonian to Late Permian time.