青海省德尔尼蛇绿岩的地球化学特征及其大地构造意义

德尔尼蛇绿岩位于青海省东南部玛沁地区,蛇绿岩以构造岩片形式出露于阿尼玛卿造山带具缝合带性质的东昆仑南缘断裂附近,岩上对简单完整,主要由基性、辉长岩和蛇纹岩３个单元组成,彼此成构造接触关系。来自３条剖面的基性熔岩样品主元素、微量和稀土元素地球化学特征显示样品低钾拉斑玄武岩系列,在多种环境判别图解中一致投入Ｎ－ＭＯＲＢ区域,稀土总量你具有轻稀土亏损型的球粒陨石标准化模式,表明该蛇绿岩形成一汞脊环境,属     

关于南天山碰撞造山时代的讨论

南天山是天山山脉的一支,是中亚型造山带的典型代表,它经历了复杂的增生—碰撞过程。关于古南天山洋最终闭合—碰撞造山(碰撞事件)发生的时间一直存在不同的认识,争论由来已久。综合分析南天山造山带的构造、地层、古生物、岩石、地球化学和同位素年代学等方面的资料,特别是对放射虫、蛇绿岩、蓝片岩、火山弧及前陆盆地沉积等地质事实的研究,我们认为,南天山碰撞造山作用起始于二叠纪末—三叠纪初。     

昌宁-孟连缝合带干龙塘-弄巴蛇绿岩地球化学及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究

本文对三江古特提斯昌宁-孟连带中段弄巴-干龙塘蛇绿混杂岩进行了详细的主量、微量元素及Sr-Nd-Pb同位素地球化学研究。结果表明,弄巴玄武岩包括拉斑系列和碱性系列,弄巴拉斑玄武岩具有高TiO2和低K2O的特征,(La/Yb)N介于1.87～2.38之间,岩石的Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成和典型MORB十分相似,结合岩石较高的Th/Yb和低的Zr/Nb值,可以认为弄巴拉斑玄武岩具有富集型洋脊玄武岩(E-MORB)的特征,可能起源于富集的地幔源区或是亏损地幔源区和地幔柱发生交代作用的结果。弄巴碱性玄武岩具有较高的TiO2(2.38%)和K2O(2.37%)含量,(La/Yb)N=11.19,富集轻稀土,表现出典型的碱性OIB的特征,可能是大洋板内热点浅部熔融的产物。干龙塘拉斑玄武岩具有高TiO2、Mg#,低K2O和亏损轻稀土等特征,表现出N-MORB的地球化学特征,岩石的Sr-Nd-Pb与MORB相似,表明岩石起源于亏损的地幔源区。     

Geochemistry and Ar–Ar muscovite ages of the Daraban Leucogranite,Mawat Ophiolite,northeastern Iraq: Implications for Arabia–Eurasia continental collision

Daraban Leucogranite dykes intruded discordantly into the basal serpentinized harzburgite of the Mawat Ophiolite, Kurdistan region, NE Iraq. These coarse grained muscovite-tourmaline leucogranites are the first leucogranite dykes identified within the Mawat Ophiolite. They are mainly composed of quartz, K-feldspar, plagioclase, tourmaline, muscovite, and secondary phologopite, while zircon, xenotime, corundum, mangano-ilemnite and cassiterite occur as accessories.The A/CNK value of the granite dyke samples varies from 1.10 to 1.22 indicating a strongly peraluminous composition. CaO/Na₂O ranges from 0.11 to 0.15 and Al₂O₃/TiO₂ from 264 to 463, similar to the strongly peraluminous (SP) granites exposed in ‘high-pressure’ collision zones such as the Himalayas.Ar–Ar muscovite step-heating dating yields 37.57 ± 0.25 and 38.02 ± 0.53 Ma plateau ages for two samples which are thought to reflect either their magmatic emplacement or resetting during collision-related metamorphism. Mineral chemistry shows evidence of both primary and secondary types of muscovite, with cores favouring the magmatic interpretation and slight effects of a late syn-serpentinization fluid seen at the rims.Geochemical features of Daraban Leucogranite dykes favour a syn-collisional tectonic setting. They probably formed in response to the continental collision between Eurasia and Arabia during the initial stage of the opening of the Gulf of Aden at 37 Ma. The muscovite ages and geochemical features of Daraban Leucogranite are strong evidence for the timing of the continental collision between northeastern Arabia and Eurasia in Kurdistan region of Iraq.     

中国蛇绿岩清理——兼论蛇绿岩研究的新思路

中国蛇绿岩研究取得了很大的成绩,也存在许多问题。文中简要评述了日喀则、三江、青海、北秦岭、中亚造山带、东北以及中国南方蛇绿岩的若干问题,指出中国划归入蛇绿岩的地质体（组合）太多了,把许多可能不是蛇绿岩的地质体（组合）也当成了蛇绿岩。当前需要做的是去伪存真,对中国蛇绿岩进行一次认真的清理。文中指出,地幔橄榄岩无疑是蛇绿岩最重要的成员,它来自洋壳下。世界上还有另一类来自陆壳下的地幔岩,被称为“造山橄榄岩”。因此,地幔橄榄岩并非蛇绿岩所独有。此外,有越来越多的数据表明,在许多不同的构造背景下都可以出现类似MORB（大洋中脊玄武岩）地球化学性质的玄武岩,例如洋岛、岛弧、大陆溢流玄武岩、板内玄武岩以及太古宙（拉斑玄武岩和科马提岩）等。因此,不能简单地认为一个地区只要有了地幔橄榄岩和MORB就是蛇绿岩了。文中回顾了蛇绿岩研究的两个发展阶段：前一个阶段以1972年的彭罗斯会议为标志,开启了蛇绿岩研究的新篇章,当时的学术界主要关注蛇绿岩的岩石学和地球化学问题,关心蛇绿岩的岩石组合。新的阶段是从20世纪后期逐渐发展起来的,于近期取得了突出的进展。笔者等强调指出,蛇绿岩（野外出露更多的是蛇绿混杂岩）即蛇绿岩套,它不仅包括一个特定的岩石组合,还包括深海沉积。文中肯定了中外学术界在蛇绿岩构造研究方面获得的许多新发现、新思路和新进展。此外,大数据和地球物理方法也是非常有意义的。蛇绿岩是一个复杂体系,不确定的问题相当多。它们的解决需要构造地质学家、地层学家、古生物学家、岩石学家、地球化学家、年代学家以及地球物理学家的共同努力。     

日喀则蛇绿岩研究中的几个问题

日喀则蛇绿岩是中国最著名的蛇绿岩,但是,许多问题存在争论,许多现象没有搞清楚。文中讨论了日喀则蛇绿岩中一些重要的现象以及对目前发现的许多矛盾如何考虑的问题。例如,(1)日喀则蛇绿岩中是否存在席状岩墙群?是否存在席状岩床群?本文认为,席状岩墙群应当是存在的,因为有不对称冷凝边出现。而席状岩床群可能是有问题的,岩床作为侵入体可以出现在许多地方,但是,蛇绿岩中不可能出现席状岩床群,尤其还把它作为蛇绿岩岩石组合的一个单元。笔者认为,所谓的席状岩床群可能是席状岩流群,它不是一个独立的单元,是玄武岩单元下部的成员。(2)日喀则蛇绿岩是否统统是蛇绿岩是一个需要考虑的问题,雅鲁藏布江东西两段出现的岩石组合及其产出背景与日喀则地区的蛇绿岩明显不同,其中有些可能未必是蛇绿岩。(3)自1972年彭罗斯会议以来,蛇绿岩研究发展到现在,可能已经进入了一个关键时期。文中回顾了蛇绿岩的定义及其构造意义,指出1972年彭罗斯会议关于蛇绿岩的定义仍然是适用的。蛇绿岩可以概括为洋壳+地幔,这个洋壳来自板块扩张脊,是年轻的;这个地幔是大洋岩石圈地幔,也可能保留有古老岩石圈地幔的印记。蛇绿岩产于板块扩张脊,这是蛇绿岩构造含义的唯一解,蛇绿岩不存在多解性。(4)日喀则蛇绿岩的许多基本观点主要是法国学者提出来的,如关于岩床群的见解,慢速扩张的见解等。但是,上述见解是否都是对的是需要思考的。日喀则蛇绿岩具有得天独厚的条件,我们应当很好利用这个条件,努力把我们的研究做好,为全球蛇绿岩研究贡献我们的一份力量。     

Refractory chromitites recovered from the Eretria mine,East Othris massif (Greece): Implications for metallogeny and deformation of chromitites within the lithospheric mantle portion of a forearc-type ophiolite

The chrome ores of the abandoned Eretria mine of the East Othris ophiolite occur within a pervasively serpentinized and sheared harzburgite body. They consist of massive chromitites with mylonitic fabric in imbricate shaped pods. Modal analyses of these ores average at about 90–95% chromian spinel (Cr-spinel) and 5–10% secondary silicates. Chromian spinel compositions vary in Cr# [Cr/(Cr + Al) × 100] and Mg# [Mg/(Mg + Fe²⁺) × 100] from 44 to 62 and from 59 to 81, respectively. Trace element (Ti, Ni, V, Mn, Zn, Sc, Co and Ga) contents in Cr-spinel do not show significant variations from grain cores to grain boundaries. However, Cr-spinel compositions show depletions in Ti, Zn and Sc when compared to the composition of accessory Cr-spinel from typical mid-ocean ridge basalts (MORB). Mineral inclusions hosted in Cr-spinel comprise a range of (hydrous and anhydrous) silicate and base metal (BM) minerals occasionally intergrown with phosphate minerals and rare intermetallic compounds. A number of these inclusions have Cr-spinel rims with higher Cr# (63–68) than those of the enclosing Cr-spinel grains.The absence of dunite sheaths around chromitites is interpreted as an artifact of dunite structural obliteration during prolonged ductile shearing within harzburgite. The microtextural characteristics of a number of inclusions in Cr-spinel imply that they were initially fully molten. Furthermore, primary hydrosilicate (amphibole, phlogopite) inclusions in Cr-spinel indicate that chromitites crystallized from a water-bearing melt. Chromian spinel rims around silicate inclusions probably represent early crystals generated from a primitive magma produced by melting of a depleted mantle source.Geochemical calculations demonstrate that the parental melts of chromitites had intermediate affinity between MORB and arc-related magmas. Our preferred hypothesis for the genesis of the Eretria chromitites is that they were formed from a melt originated within the hydrated mantle wedge beneath a nascent forearc basin during subduction initiation.     

北补连蛇绿岩的特征,形成环境及其构造意义

文中总结了北祁连蛇绿岩的特征，指出北祁连蛇绿岩大多具有ＭＯＲＢ的性质，有玻安岩产生，形成在弧后和岛弧环境，北祁连蛇绿岩大多侵位在岛弧增生楔或活动陆缘地体之上，蛇绿岩属于科迪勒拉型，早古生代的北祁连造山带属于科迪勒拉型造山带，部分蛇绿岩之上整合产出一套沉积一火山岩系，称为蛇绿岩的上覆岩系，指出蛇绿岩及其上覆岩系的枕状熔岩分别来自不同的源区，具有不同的构造意义，还讨论了北祁连早古生代板块构造格局，认为     

新疆蛇绿岩就位机制

蛇绿岩是古代大洋岩石圈的残片 ,但它并不代表正常的洋壳 ,也不能无条件的与现代大洋进行对比。因为蛇绿岩形成环境具有多样性 ,既可以形成于大洋 ,也可以形成于洋中脊、弧后盆地、弧前盆地、岛弧、被动大陆边缘或小洋盆等。蛇绿岩可以形成于多种构造环境 ,在就位机制上也应存在多样化 ,依据新疆实际 ,将蛇绿岩分为 5种就位机制即 :克拉麦里型 (特提斯型 )、特克斯型 (环太平洋型 )、阔克萨勒型 (底辟型 )、唐巴勒型 (过渡型 )、西昆仑仰冲型 (特罗多斯型 )等     

Hercynian polyphase tectonics in the northeast French Massif Central: the closure of the Brévenne Devonian–Dinantian rift

 Field and laboratory structural studies show that the Devonian–Dinantian units of the northeast French Massif Central experienced a complex and contrasting tectonic–metamorphic evolution during the Hercynian orogeny. The structural analysis of the pre-Middle Visean Brévenne–Violay–Beaujolais rocks, in the Loire area, shows a polyphase tectonic evolution associated with greenschist to amphibolite facies metamorphism. The first event, D1, probably occurred in Early Tournaisian or Latest Devonian times. It is responsible for the flat-lying regional foliation and the NW/SE- to N/S-trending lineation. It is well observed in the Violay group and corresponds to the NW-vergent emplacement of the Late Devonian units upon their gneissic basement, represented by the Affoux gneisses. The second event, D2, is responsible for the NE/SW- to E/W-trending lineation. To the south, D2 deformation is locally reworked by the Grand-Chemin dextral wrench fault, around 345–350 Ma ago. This polyphase deformation is also found in several Devonian–Dinantian areas of the NE Massif Central, but not in Morvan. This tectonics corresponds to the Tournaisian closure, by northward thrusting and subsequent intracontinental deformation, of the oceanic Brévenne–Violay–Beaujolais rift which opened in Devonian times in a back-arc setting. Received: 4 September 1998 / Accepted: 27 May 1999