青海省布青山早古生代末期埃达克岩的发现及其构造意义

在青藏高原北部阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带布青山段首次发现了埃达克岩,它们多呈不规则岩脉状侵入于布青山地区北部早古生代蛇绿混杂岩中.其岩性为花岗-英云闪长岩,主矿物有斜长石、石英、黑云母、角闪石、少量钾长石和辉石;副矿物有榍石、磷灰石、锆石和磁铁矿等.属钙碱系列,具典型（Ⅰ类、O型、HSA）埃达克岩的地球化学特征,表现为：高SiO：（63.65%～71.59%）,高Al2O3（14.81%～16.11%）,高Na2O（4.68%～5.33%）和Na2O/K2O（1.48～3.08,平均2.39）,高Sr（444.08×10^-6～560.41×10^-6）和Sr/Y（50.8～105.3）,HREE强烈亏损,低Yb（0.38×10^-6～0.74×10^-6）,高La/Yb（44.93～90.97）,弱负Eu异常（δEu=0.74～0.90）,富集大离子亲石元素（LILE）,亏损高场强元素（HFSE）,Ba、Pb正异常而Nb、P负异常.获得布青山埃达克岩的锆石TIMS U-Pb年龄为402±24Ma.布青山埃达克岩熔体来自俯冲的昆祁秦洋壳（含海洋沉积物）在石榴石角闪岩相条件下部分熔融,主要残留相为石榴石（±角闪石）.布青山埃达克岩的发现指示早古生代末期洋壳（昆祁秦多岛洋的一部分）俯冲作用的存在,俯冲方向朝北（现在方位）,此前,俯冲带发生长时间的向洋迁移,早古生代末期俯冲带已后退到阿尼玛卿蛇绿混杂岩带以南;暗示典型埃达克岩也可以形成于洋壳俯冲晚期;提示阿尼玛卿蛇绿岩带可能有与典型埃达克岩有关的Au、Ag、Cu、Mo等热液和斑岩矿床.     

Southern borderland of Triassic Laurasia in north-east Iran

Results obtained by Iranian and European geoscientists in the critical area to the north-east of the North Iran Suture east of Mashhad are desribed and discussed. A slightly metamorphosed ophiolite belt, outcropping as the south easterly continuation of the previously known ophiolites of Mashhad along the north eastern perimeter of the Fariman-Torbat-e-Jam depression, proved to be either the remnant of a Permian ocean floor or more likely the remnant of a narrow ocean trough. There is as yet no proof of a Triassic age for this ophiolitic belt. To the north of this ophiolitic belt an epicontinental Triassic sequence is exposed at the southern edge of Laurasia in the erosional Window of Aghdarband. This is the result of intermittent sedimentation in a pull-apart basin along sinistral strike-slip faults. The Triassic of Aghdarband has much in common with other deposits of the Triassic Tethys; however, it shows a few unique features, e.g. the Early AnisianNicomedites fauna of a palaeobiogeographic North Tethyan Subprovince, or volcanogenic sedimentation during the late Anisian and the entire Ladinian.Permian ophiolites outcropping at the south-west corner of the Aghdarband erosional Window are transgressively overlain by basal conglomerats of this Triassic sequence. Hence the existence of a Triassic ocean south of Laurasia is very unlikely. This is an agreement with paleomagnetic data which suggest that the Central Iranian microcontinent was in direct contact with Laurasia during Triassic times. These palaeomagnetic data also suggest a clockwise rotation of the Central East Iran microplate during Triassic times (contrary to the anticlockwise rotation of this microplate in post-Triassic times). The sinistral strike-slip faulting and compression from the south-west which controls the structure of the Triassic may be derivative sequels to this clockwise rotation. All Eo-Cimmerian deformations of the Triassic rocks (e.g. folding, thrust faulting, strike-slip faulting) had stopped by Rhaetian times.     

东昆仑清水泉蛇纹岩中铬铁矿特征及其构造意义

东昆仑造山带清水泉中超基性岩已蚀变为蛇纹岩,很难对其性质和形成环境进行判断,但蛇纹岩中存在的浸染状和条带状铬铁矿有助于识别超基性岩的性质及形成过程。显微结构和电子探针分析结果显示部分铬铁矿具环带结构,核部为富Al贫Fe的铝铬铁矿,Cr2O3为36%~44%,Al2O3为24%~28%,Ti O2含量很低(0.1%),Fe O为15%~24%,而Fe2O3含量为0.6%~3.0%,Cr#为0.47~0.56,Mg#为0.45~0.62,Fe2+#变化于0.38~0.55,显示出蛇绿岩的特性,由此推测其寄主岩石——方辉橄榄岩属于蛇绿岩成员。核部铝铬铁矿结晶温度平均约为1387℃,结晶压力平均为2.9GPa,推断其形成深度约为88km,相当于软流圈位置。核部铝铬铁矿Cr#-Mg#,Cr#-Ti O2以及Ti O2-Al2O3的关系特征显示其寄主岩石——方辉橄榄岩可能产自俯冲带环境中的弧前位置。     

Compositional and geochronological signatures of metamafic dykes from the Sangsang peridotites,South Tibet: Evidence for magma-starved forearc rifting during Neo-Tethyan subduction re-initiation

In this study we present new mineral chemistry, whole-rock geochemical and zircon U–Pb geochronological data for 12 metamafic dykes in the mantle sequence of the Sangsang ophiolite in South Tibet (China). Modal analyses of these dykes gave averages of ~40%–65% plagioclase and ~35%–60% amphibole and small amounts of (igneous) clinopyroxene, epidote and opaque minerals. This mineral assemblage resembles that of typical orthoamphibolites. Nevertheless, due to the absence of foliation the investigated rocks are described as metamafic lithologies. These rocks have primitive mantle (PM)-normalized multi-element patterns with negative Nb and Ta anomalies as well as weak, negative Ti anomalies. In addition, they have initial ⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr ratios [(⁸⁷Sr/⁸⁶Sr)_i] of 0.702844–0.703581, initial ¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd ratios [(¹⁴³Nd/¹⁴⁴Nd)_i] of 0.512891–0.512959 and high ε_Nd(t) values (+7.9 to +9.3). Uranium-Pb ages of magmatic zircons separated from the investigated metamafic dykes indicate that the parental melts of their protoliths intruded the Sangsang mantle at ~119.0–118.5 ​Ma.The metamorphic mineral assemblages recognized in the investigated dykes are suggestive of a retrograde metamorphic process, from (epidote-)amphibolite facies (~470–610 ​°C, ~1.9–4.3 ​kbar) and to prehnite-pumpellyite facies (≤280 ​°C, ≤ 3 ​kbar), active within a rift-produced oceanic lithosphere. Microtextural and geochemical data suggest that the protoliths of the dykes were most likely massive gabbros. Compositional data show that the parental magmas of the gabbroic protoliths were generated by melting of a depleted mantle (DM) source that had been weakly modified by fluids emanating from a subducted oceanic lithospheric slab. The age of the gabbroic protoliths is slightly younger than the existing ages for ophiolites from the central Yarlung-Zangbo Suture Zone (YZSZ) in the literature (~129–123 ​Ma). We, therefore, suggest that the gabbroic protoliths of the Sangsang metamafic dykes were formed in an incipient forearc setting during Neo-Tethyan subduction re-initiation (Aptian). Our tectonomagmatic model provides insights into the igneous accretion and post-solidification evolution of the oceanic lithosphere in South Tibet.     

新疆沙尔布拉克蛇绿岩岩石地球化学特征及形成时代

介绍了沙尔布拉克蛇绿岩物质组成、岩石地球化学特征及形成时代,并探讨其就位机制。该蛇绿岩套包括蛇绿岩残片、上覆岩系、外来岩块3部分,其中镁铁质火山岩具亏损高场强元素和富集大离子亲石元素特征,稀土元素球粒陨石标准化曲线总体平坦,分馏程度较弱,说明岩浆地幔源区可能卷入岛弧火山岩和洋中脊玄武岩成份,获得玄武岩中锆石SHRIMP U-Pb年龄为（322±9）Ma,认为沙尔布拉克蛇绿岩与库尔提蛇绿岩形成环境较相似,均形成于弧后盆地。就位过程应包括俯冲过程中的侵位、碰撞过程的侵位、地壳缩短期的侵位和阿尔泰南缘二叠纪地壳伸展减薄阶段的改造等。     

Tectonics of the Akamas and Mamonia ophiolites, Western Cyprus: magnetic petrofabrics and paleomagnetism

The Akamas ophiolite is shown to be a distal, off-axis extension of the main outcrop of Cretaceous ophiolite in the Troodos complex of Cyprus. Mantle-sequence harzburgites of both ophiolites share similarly oriented mantle-flow fabrics and the same Tertiary magnetizations acquired during exhumation. However, compared with the Troodos mantle sequence rocks, the Akamas ferromagnetic mineralogy is more oxidized and remanences with lower blocking temperatures were acquired chemically. Paleopoles calculated from published vectors and our own new data define an apparent polar wander path (APWP) for the Troodos microplate. The APWP shows that between 88 and 50 Ma the Troodos microplate was equatorial and the vertical axis for its 60° anticlockwise rotation was located within the microplate. Subsequently, the microplate drifted northward to 34°N with minor anticlockwise rotation at a reduced rate. That requires microplate-rotation about a vertical axis located to the west of Cyprus in the last 50 Ma. The allochthonous Triassic Mamonia terrane docked with the Cretaceous Troodos terrane in SW Cyprus. Within it, disrupted tectonized ophiolite has been regarded as part of a Triassic ocean floor or as sheared fragments of Cretaceous Troodos ophiolite, incorporated into the Mamonia terrane when it docked with the Troodos terrane. Whatever their provenance, their paleomagnetic signals postdate their penetrative deformation and metamorphism and their paleopoles may still be used to track their post-strain motion. Our calculations of paleopoles from published vectors for the Mamonia terrane smear along an extension of the APWP for the Troodos microplate that is, moreover, concentric with the Troodos microplate. This suggests that the paleopole dispersion of the Triassic Mamonia rocks and their post-magnetization disruption occurred during their accretion onto the anticlockwise-spinning Troodos microplate.     

Geology,mineralogy, and geochemistry of low grade Ni-lateritic soil (Oman Mountains,Oman)

The laterite profiles investigated in the present study developed after the emplacement of a slab of oceanic crust and upper mantle sequence (the Semail ophiolite) onto the East Arabian margin during the late Cretaceous. The laterites formed as a result of prolonged weathering of the ophiolite assemblage under tropical to subtropical conditions.Nine laterite profiles have been examined for their Ni potential along a NW-SE segment of the Oman Mountains. The preserved laterite profile shows variations in thickness, mineralogy, and chemical composition. The profiles show a vertical succession from bedrock protolith through saprolite, oxide laterite, to clay laterite. The laterite profiles are unconformably capped either by clastics rocks of the Late Cretaceous Qahlah Formation or by Palaeogene carbonates of the Jafnayn or Abat Formations.The protolith corresponds either to a fine-grained, blackish to greenish serpentinized peridotite or to a coarse-grained dark green altered layered gabbro.The bulk geochemistry of the studied profiles indicates a typical low Ni-laterite pattern in which magnesium (Mg) and silica (Si) become depleted towards the top of the profile, whereas iron (Fe) and aluminum (Al) increase. A significant enrichment in Ni and Co occurred as a result of the laterization process. Ni concentrations average 0.63% (Ibra), 0.72% (East Ibra), 0.67% (Al-Russayl), and 0.33% (Tiwi). Other elements such as Cr, V, Pb, TiO₂, Zr, Ba, and Zn were also remobilized across the profiles during the laterization processes.     

雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩——事实与臆想

位于西藏南部的雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩在我国研究程度最高,在国际上也有较高的知名度。该蛇绿岩东西延伸约2000km,代表了印度和亚洲之间消失的新特提斯洋,是确定上述两大板块间缝合线存在的重要岩石学标志。本文根据作者近几年的野外考察,结合前人发表的资料发现,该蛇绿岩有如下方面的重要特点。(1)各蛇绿岩剖面均发育大规模的橄榄岩体,超镁铁岩的分布远远大于镁铁质岩石。这些超镁铁岩体尽管在岩性上以方辉橄榄岩为主,但出现大量二辉橄榄岩;(2)镁铁质堆晶辉长岩不发育;(3)不存在席状辉绿岩墙群,取而代之的是顺层侵入在橄榄岩中的辉长岩-辉绿岩岩席。部分情况下,辉绿岩还侵入到玄武岩之中;(4)蛇绿岩上部发育有一定厚度的玄武岩,但玄武岩与橄榄岩之间经常被辉绿岩席所占据,部分情况下玄武岩与橄榄岩直接接触。(5)地幔橄榄岩与镁铁质岩石在Sr-Nd同位素和形成时代上存在显著差别;(6)辉长岩与辉绿岩形成在120~130Ma的狭窄时间段内,并具有类似亏损地幔的地球化学特点。上述资料表明,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩中的超镁铁岩和镁铁质岩形成于不同时代,且在成因上不具任何联系。根据这些资料,本文提出,该区蛇绿岩的地幔橄榄岩可能为大陆岩石圈地幔。早白垩世期间,北侧亚洲大陆南缘位置的岩石圈由于拉张而使深部岩石圈地幔物质向上剥露。随着岩石圈拆离和减薄的不断进行,软流圈地幔发生减压熔融,形成目前见到的玄武岩和辉长-辉绿岩席。在拉张作用的高峰期,早期亏损的大陆岩石圈地幔在经历交代作用后发生部分熔融形成少量玻安质熔体。因此,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩并不能代表新特提斯大洋,它与经典的蛇绿岩定义相差甚远。考虑镁铁质岩石发育有限的特点,雅鲁藏布蛇绿岩代表了一种超慢速扩张的洋盆形成环境,其扩张速率甚至慢于目前广为人知的西Alps地区。根据全球蛇绿岩的情况,该蛇绿岩可被定义为日喀则型,是目前超慢速扩张洋盆的端元代表。     

安徽歙县伏川蛇蚊岩矿

伏川超基性岩体已全部蚀变成蛇纹岩,原岩为贵橄榄岩及顽火辉石岩,可用于熔剂材料。     

The Late Cretaceous palaeolatitude of the Neotethyan spreading axis in the eastern Mediterranean region

A compilation of available palaeomagnetic data from the Troodos (Cyprus) and Baër–Bassit (Syria) ophiolitic terranes of the eastern Mediterranean Tethyan orogenic belt is presented. The ophiolites represent fragments of oceanic lithosphere generated at a Neotethyan spreading axis in the Late Cretaceous, although debate continues over the tectonic setting of this spreading axis and its position within the eastern Mediterranean palaeogeography. Two types of model reconstructions have been proposed: Type 1—the ophiolites formed in a southerly Neotethyan basin by spreading above an oceanic subduction zone. The Baër–Bassit ophiolite was then emplaced a relatively short distance (tens of kilometers) southwards on to the Arabian continental margin, leaving the Troodos ophiolite isolated in an intra-oceanic setting to the west; and Type 2—the ophiolites formed in a northerly Neotethyan basin by spreading at a ‘normal’ oceanic ridge, with subsequent large-scale thrusting (hundreds of kilometers) to the south of emplaced ophiolites over microcontinental fragments to reach their present positions. Palaeomagnetic determination of the palaeolatitude of the Neotethyan spreading axis is, therefore, of considerable interest.Previous palaeomagnetic analyses have demonstrated the presence of significant, and in some cases extreme, relative tectonic rotations of a variety of origins in both ophiolites. To allow palaeomagnetic data from these rotated units to be combined, an inclination-only formulation of the palaeomagnetic tilt test is employed. This provides unequivocal evidence that both ophiolites retain pre-deformational remanent magnetizations, which are interpreted as original ocean-floor magnetizations acquired close to the time of crustal formation in the Late Cretaceous. The mean inclinations of 37.0±2.6° for the Troodos terrane and 41.1±3.4° for the Baër–Bassit terrane indicate respective palaeolatitudes for the spreading axes of 20.6°N±1.8° and 23.6°N±2.5°, consistent with a Late Cretaceous position between the Arabian and Eurasian margins. These data, together with a well-defined palaeolatitude of 25.5°N±4.5° for the eastern Pontides previously reported in the literature, provide constraints which must be incorporated in any successful tectonic reconstruction of the eastern Mediterranean Tethys. The implications of these constraints for Type 1 and 2 models are discussed using a series of plate tectonic cross-sections constructed along a line extending northwards from the Arabian continental margin. In the absence of palaeomagnetic data from Late Cretaceous rocks of the eastern Taurides, however, it is presently impossible to use these palaeolatitudinal constraints to resolve the root zone debate on a purely palaeomagnetic basis. Solutions which satisfy the constraints may be found for both types of model reconstruction. Additional, published field-based geological considerations, however, strongly support models in which the Troodos and Baër–Bassit (and other southerly) ophiolites were generated in a southern Neotethyan basin, rather than those involving generation in a northerly basin and subsequent large-scale thrust displacement to the south.