西伯利亚雅库特金伯利岩中四颗古老锆石巨晶的微量元素和Hf同位素特征——对区分金伯利岩中锆石巨晶的启示

金伯利岩中的锆石按照颗粒大小可以分为细粒锆石（一般小于200μm）和巨晶锆石（一般大于500μm）。前人的研究结果显示在金伯利岩中粒径较大的巨晶锆石的U-Pb体系在高温的地幔中一直保持着开放状态,直到寄主金伯利岩浆的喷发才使地幔锆石的U-Pb体系封闭,因此这些巨晶锆石是确定金伯利岩年龄的重要矿物之一。然而,近年来的研究表明,金伯利岩中还存在一些时代远老于金伯利岩年龄的锆石,也具有较大的粒径（以下称古老锆石巨晶）。它们的存在无疑影响了利用锆石U-Pb方法确定金伯利岩年龄的准确性。本文以西伯利亚雅库特（Yakutia）金伯利岩省中的四颗古老锆石巨晶为研究对象,通过形态学、年代学、微量元素和Hf同位素组成,讨论古老锆石巨晶的来源。同时,我们统计和对比了全球多个金伯利岩中能够确定金伯利岩年龄的锆石和古老锆石巨晶的形态学、U、Th含量和微量元素组成、Hf-O同位素等特征。研究结果显示,金伯利岩中的古老锆石巨晶的t_DM年龄和O同位素组成与可以用来确定金伯利岩年龄的锆石巨晶具有明显的差别。这些手段在未来的研究中可以用来区分可确定金伯利岩年龄的锆石巨晶和古老的锆石巨晶。

     

Construction ages of the Upton Stone Chamber: Preliminary findings and suggestions for future luminescence research

The Upton Chamber in Massachusetts, an earth-covered stone structure 3.4 meters (m) in diameter, with a corbelled stone dome, and a 4.3 m long entrance passageway, is studied with the aim of determining whether optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating methods can be used to establish the approximate construction date of the entranceway. Three samples, taken from soil behind the lowest stones in the wall of the entrance passageway, returned OSL ages between 385 and 660 years ago (or from 1625 A.D. to 1350 A.D.; using the year 2011 as the 0 year). One sample, taken below the bottom of the artifact layers in an archeological test pit in front of the chamber entrance, returned OSL ages between 650 and 880 years ago. A modern sample collected from a nearby fluvial channel returned an age between 55 and 175 years. The Upton Chamber OSL sampling results are challenging to interpret because there are mixtures in the samples of both younger and older grains that likely result from human modification, root or soil processes, animal bioturbation (i.e. ants and worms), and/or partial bleaching. The ages were determined using the lowest component of the finite mixture model as applied to a distribution of quartz grains. Further research may enable us to determine whether older components are of anthropomorphic or geological origin.     

论西准噶尔石炭系希贝库拉斯组与包古图组的新老关系

新疆西准噶尔达尔布特断裂南的石炭系希贝库拉斯组与包古图组新老关系争议已久.1∶5万区域地质矿产调查新发现,包古图组呈角度不整合伏于希贝库拉斯组之下,于包古图组获LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年龄(345.6±6.2)Ma,与本组化石时代基本一致,确认包古图组时代为早石炭世.希贝库拉斯组灰岩砾石中发现的化石组合与包古图组中化石组合相同,且含化石的灰岩砾石之岩性与包古图组中相同,证明砾石来自包古图组,因而不能指示希贝库拉斯组的沉积时代.包古图组褶皱的强烈程度与样式复杂程度明显强于希贝库拉斯组,可肯定希贝库拉斯组新于包古图组.这一结论为正确确立本区地层层序,建立区域地层格架和大区地层对比提供了重要佐证.     

Stratigraphy and structure of Devonian fluvial sediments,western Beara Peninsula,south-west Ireland

A stratigraphic and structural summary of 5 km of Upper Devonian strata of south-west Beara, part of the Munster Basin, south-west Cork is presented. Five formations are recognized on the basis of lithofacies geometries and associations. The lowest Caherkeen Formation comprises rapidly alternating sheet-like, plane-bedded, low-angle, cross-bedded sandstones and laminated, rippled or desiccated mudrocks. The incoming of thin lenticular sandstone packages, commonly with high-angle cross-bedding, distinguishes the overlying Eagle Hill Formation. The succeeding Reen Point Formation comprises thicker bedsets of plane-bedded, low-angle and high-angle cross-bedded sandstones, separated by thick, massive mudrocks. Intraformational breccias and calcareous nodular siltrocks are distinctive features. The Tholane Formation is characterized by thick massive red-green mudrocks and a general absence of coarser grained lithologies. This sequence was deposited in a terminal fluvial fan in a basin characterized by decreasing subsidence rates and gradient with time. The overlying Toe Head Formation represents the deposits of a fluvial coastal plain. It has siltrocks that are predominantly green, often with preserved fish and plant debris. There is a relative absence of high-angled cross-bedded sandstones and an abundance of flat-laminated and inclined parallel-laminated sandstones. The structure of the Beara Peninsula comprises a WSW plunging anticlinorium with a single cleavage formed during the Variscan orogeny. Evidence from locally transecting cleavages and from mapping indicates dextral transpression. Development of the three main fault trends was contemporaneous with the folding. The well-known copper mineralization of the Allihies area is associated with east-west fault trends, a pattern observed elsewhere in the western Munster Basin. Basement involvement during both basin development and deformation is likely, but is difficult to test.     

The provenance,petrology and sedimentology of building stone in Bromyard,Herefordshire, UK

A multi-disciplinary study was undertaken of the Lower Old Red Sandstone building stones of Bromyard, Bromyard Downs and Bringsty Common, Herefordshire, UK, to trace their original quarry sources. 196 stone structures were recorded in detail and 3 broad lithological groups recognised. Combining old maps, archival sources, Light Detection and Ranging (LiDAR) data and testimony of local residents, the historic quarries in the area have been mapped. Field studies of the geology of quarries and outcrops have established the area of origin of two distinctive coarse grained lithologies. Intraformational conglomerates have been demonstrated, with some confidence, to be derived from Bromyard itself. Coarse, pebbly, quartzose sandstones have been traced to Bringsty Common and shown to be used only in the church in Bromyard before the 20th century. The origins of fine grained sandstone are found to be more complex. Through a combination of fieldwork and archival research, Clater Park Quarry is indicated as the origin of high quality green sandstones in Bromyard. 15 samples of sandstone from the Bromyard Downs, have been petrographically analysed by point counting to determine their clastic and mineralogical proportions. Early results of this analysis are presented which show modal variation in lithics, feldspars and cements that may serve to link quarries to buildings. Finally, it is suggested that at least some of the diversity of stone present in Bromyard is the result of slight variation in depositional processes in the immediately underlying bedrock.     

Tracking hydrological responses of a thermokarst lake in the Old Crow Flats (Yukon Territory,Canada) to recent climate variability using aerial photographs and paleolimnological methods

Recent studies using remote sensing analysis of lake‐rich thermokarst landscapes have documented evidence of declining lake surface area in response to recent warming. However, images alone cannot identify whether these declines are due to increasing frequency of lake drainage events associated with accelerated thermokarst activity or to increasing evaporation in response to longer ice‐free season duration. Here, we explore the potential of combining aerial photograph time series with paleolimnological analyses to track changes in hydrological conditions of a thermokarst lake in the Old Crow Flats (OCF), Canada, and to identify their causes. Images show that the water level in lake OCF 48 declined markedly sometime between 1972 and 2001. In a sediment core from OCF 48, complacent stratigraphic profiles of several physical, geochemical, and biological parameters from ～1874–1967 indicate hydro‐limnological conditions were relatively stable. From ～1967–1989, declines in organic matter content, organic carbon isotope values, and pigment concentrations are interpreted to reflect an increase in supply of minerogenic sediment, and subsequent decline in aquatic productivity, caused by increased thermo‐erosion of shoreline soils. Lake expansion was likely caused by increased summer rainfall, as recorded by increased cellulose‐inferred lake‐water oxygen isotope compositions. Stratigraphic trends defining the lake expansion phase terminated at ～1989, which likely marks the year when the lake drained. Above‐average precipitation during the previous year probably raised the lake level and promoted further thermo‐erosion of the shoreline soils that caused the lake to drain. These are meteorological conditions that have led to other recent lake‐drainage events in the OCF. Thus, the decline in lake level, evident in the aerial photograph from 2001, is unlikely to have been caused by evaporation, but rather is a remnant of a drainage event that took place more than a decade earlier. After drainage, the lake began to refill, and most paleolimnological parameters approach levels that are similar to those during the stable phase. These findings indicate that combined use of aerial images and paleolimnological methods offers much promise for identifying the hydrological consequences of recent climatic variations on thermokarst lakes. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

点苍山—哀牢山带基础地质问题思考

点苍山—哀牢山是滇西重要的变质带。点苍山-罗平山断裂将点苍山分为两个结合带：东部甘孜-理塘结合带东以洱海—箐河断裂为界,包括石鼓蛇绿混杂岩带、义敦岛弧带和中咱-中甸地块。西部金沙江结合带西以乔后-西洱河断裂为界,包括古元古界沟头箐岩群结晶基底、河底-李子坪蛇绿混杂岩带及维西陆缘弧带。哀牢山东侧红河断裂是上扬子地块与金沙江接合带的分界,哀牢山断裂是一条逆冲推覆断裂,不是金沙江结合带的东界。     

基于离散元模拟的巨厚煤层分层开采覆岩裂隙演化分形特征

为了探究左权五里堠煤业有限公司上组煤5号煤层老空水是否对下组煤15号煤层首采面综放开采造成突水水害威胁,以下组煤首采面为背景,系统分析了研究区地质及水文地质条件,建立了两煤层开采后顶底板变形破坏空间分布特征模型,提出了老空水是否威胁下组煤综放开采的3个可能条件。在此基础上,采用具有针对性的经验公式和数值模拟相结合的方法,综合获得了下组煤15号煤层首采面最大导水裂隙带高度和上组煤5号煤层底板最大破坏深度量化参数,并与下组煤首采面附近施工的地面钻孔揭露这两层煤间距进行对比。认为下组煤15号煤层开采后,通过导水裂隙带将会波及到上组煤采动底板破坏带内部,在正常条件下可能与上组煤5号煤层老空水导通,建议开采前要进行提前探查和疏放。研究结果对下组煤首采工作面顶板老空水害防治具有很好的参考价值。     

闽东南沿海老红砂的分布与沉积地貌特征

本文通过野外调查,阐明了老红砂的分布与地貌形态特征,并根据其沉积的构造特征等提出了老红砂的风成或风－坡积成因及其发育多期性的观点。最后还对进一步研究提出若干建议。