生物滞留设施规模设计方法研究

研究提出了基于单场次降雨分析以及基于长系列降雨统计的生物滞留设施规模设计方法。针对国内市政排水设计一般采用设计重现期的概念,基于单场次降雨分析的规模设计方法用暴雨强度公式和雨型分配方法计算设计降雨过程,由设计降雨推算设施入流过程,用水量平衡法推算出流过程,用洪量削减率、洪峰削减率、洪峰延迟时间评估设计效果。基于长系列降雨统计的规模设计方法对长期日降雨量进行统计分析,得出不同降雨发生频率对应的设施入流量及处理量,用年径流总量削减率评估设计效果。     

两种黄海潮间带海绵的元素与氨基酸成分分析

应用能量色散X射线荧光光谱(EDXRF)分析了黄海潮间带繁茂膜海绵(Hymeniacidon perleve)和肾指海绵(Reniochalina sp.)的无机元素,其中硅是两种海绵中最多的无机元素。繁茂膜海绵较肾指海绵的锌含量高,参照文献数据推测这可能是该属海绵的特性。测定了2种海绵的含水量,有机碳、氮、氢元素和氯基酸在海绵干质量中的比例。分析了繁茂膜海绵在2002年8月到11月中主要无机元素的变化,发现繁茂膜海绵中的硅含量在降低。繁茂膜海绵的氨基酸总量远高于肾指海绵,2种海绵中含量较高的氨基酸是甘氨酸、谷氨酸、天冬氨酸、亮氨酸、缬氨酸、赖氨酸等。元素与氨基酸分析将对海绵细胞培养基开发有帮助。     

Oil persistence on beaches in Prince William Sound - a review of SCAT surveys conducted from 1989 to 2002

In 2002, 13 years after the Exxon Valdez oil spill (EVOS), 39 selected sites in Prince William Sound (PWS) were re-surveyed following established shoreline cleanup assessment team (SCAT) field observation procedures to document surface and sub-surface oiling conditions in shoreline sediments and to compare results with those from previous Shoreline Cleanup Assessment Team (SCAT) surveys and other surveys in PWS. The selected sites are locations where EVOS oil persisted in 1992, at the time the Federal and State On-Scene Coordinators determined that the cleanup was complete and that further cleanup activities would provide no net environmental benefit. These sites had been included in a 2001 NOAA survey of shoreline oiling conditions and account for 88% of the sub-surface oil residues (SSO) oil documented by that study. The 2002 field survey found isolated occurrences of residual EVOS surface oil residues (SO) in the form of weathered asphalt pavement at 15 of the 39 sites. This residual SO typically consisted of asphalt in mixed sand/gravel substrate, located within a wave shadow effect created by boulders or bedrock in the upper intertidal to supratidal zone. Residual SO, expressed as a continuous oil cover, was less than 200 m(2) within the approximately 111,120 m(2) surveyed. A total of 1182 pits were dug at locations where SSO residues were present in 1992. Six of the 39 sites and 815 (68%) of the pits contained no residual SSO. Eighty-three percent of pits with SSO residues were found primarily in middle to upper intertidal locations. SSO residues commonly occurred in a discontinuous approximately 3 cm thick band 5-10 cm below the boulder/cobble or pebble/gravel veneer. The SO and SSO occurrences in the 2002 survey closely match the locations where they were found in 1992 and earlier surveys; however, in 2002 residual SSO patches are more discontinuous and thinner than they were in the earlier surveys. These sites are biased toward SSO persistence; those that have SSO residues represent less than 0.5% of the originally oiled shorelines in PWS. Despite evidence of continued oil weathering, both at the surface and in the sub-surface, it is clear that the natural cleaning processes at these particular locations are slow. The slow weathering rates are a consequence of the oil residue being incorporated in finer sediments (fine sand, silt, mix) and isolated from active weathering processes as boulders and outcrops, shallow bedrock asperities, or boulder-armoring create wave shadows and limit effective physical action on shorelines.     

地理国情普查数据在海绵城市空间布局优化中的应用研究

地理国情普查成果的开发应用是地理信息社会化服务的热点领域。本研究从海绵城市建设的角度出发,应用地理国情普查成果,构建一套完整的海绵城市空间布局优化技术。研究结果表明:利用地理国情普查成果优化后的海绵城市空间布局,能有效缓解城市暴雨内涝灾害,对于常年遭遇中等强度降雨的城市效果明显。本文拓展地理国情普查成果应用,进一步提高地理国情成果对政府的辅助决策价值。     

Responses of two temperate sponge species to ocean acidification

There are still major gaps in our understanding of the impact of ocean acidification (OA) on some groups of organisms within different geographic regions. We investigated the effect of OA on two common and ecologically important temperate sponge species in New Zealand (Tethya bergquistae and Crella incrustans). Sponges were kept at pH 8 (control) and 7.6 for 4 weeks. Responses of the two species varied, with T. bergquistae kept at pH 7.6 showing some mortality in response to reduced pH and evidence of tissues necrosis. In contrast, only one C. incrustans died in the pH 7.6 treatment and showed little evidence of any tissue degradation. Only T. bergquistae showed evidence for physiological effects of reduced pH as respiration rates were generally higher in the pH 7.6 treatment. Our results provide preliminary evidence to support a general tolerance of temperate sponges to reduced pH, but that some species-specific responses may exist.     

西藏甲马弧内盆地甲马矿区晚侏罗世海绵礁的发现

西藏甲马弧内盆地晚侏罗世海绵礁属于台地边缘礁,呈近EW向展布,延伸长达4～5km,宽约50m,建筑在叶巴期火山岩浆弧的正地形上。由北向南展示出礁坪相到礁核相再到礁前斜坡相的侧向演变。其中礁核相主要由海绵骨架岩、障积岩和粘结岩等构成。海绵礁可分为并进礁和中止礁2种类型,发育至少6套垂向上相互迭叠的礁旋回。研究表明,甲马矿区海绵礁形成的关键因素是海平面变化,其主体的发育与海平面相对上升同步。     

The functional roles of marine sponges

Despite the wide range of functional roles performed by marine sponges they are still poorly represented in many research, monitoring and conservation programmes. The aim of this review is to examine recent developments in our understanding of sponge functional roles in tropical, temperate and polar ecosystems. Functions have been categorised into three areas: (a) impacts on substrate (including bioerosion, reef creation, and substrate stabilisation, consolidation and regeneration); (b) bentho-pelagic coupling (including carbon cycling, silicon cycling, oxygen depletion and nitrogen cycling); and (c) associations with other organisms (facilitating primary production, secondary production, provision of microhabitat, enhanced predation protection, survival success, range expansions and camouflage though association with sponges, sponges as a settlement substrate, disrupting near-boundary and reef level flow regimes, sponges as agents of biological disturbance, sponges as releasers of chemicals and sponges as tools for other organisms). The importance of sponges on substrate, sponge bentho-pelagic coupling, and sponge interactions and associations is described. Although the scientific evidence strongly supports the significance and widespread nature of these functional roles sponges still remain underappreciated in marine systems.     

Study on algae removal by immobilized biosystem on sponge

In this study, sponges were used to immobilize domesticated sludge microbes in a limited space, forming an immobilized biosystem capable of algae and microcystins removal. The removal effects on algae, microcystins and UV260 of this biosystem and the mechanism of algae removal were studied. The results showed that active sludge from sewage treatment plants was able to remove algae from a eutrophic lake＇s water after 7 d of domestication. The removal efficiency for algae, organic matter and microcystins increased when the domesticated sludge was immobilized on sponges. When the hydraulic retention time （HRT） was 5h, the removal rates of algae, microcystins and UV260 were 90%, 94.17% and 84%, respectively. The immobilized biosystem consisted mostly of bacteria, the Ciliata and Sarcodina protozoans and the Rotifer metazoans. Algal decomposition by zoogloea bacteria and preyingby microcreatures were the two main modes of algal removal, which occurred in two steps： first, absorption by the zoogloea; second, decomposition by the zoogloea bacteria and the predacity of the microcreatures.     

中国日降雨空间变化对雨水径流源头总量控制的影响

为研究中国不同区域的降雨特征对径流总量控制效果的影响,利用186个气象站近30年的日降雨量资料,通过空间分析与统计计算,得到不同年径流总量控制率所对应的设计降雨量以及年均控制降雨量;结合年径流总量控制率与年均控制降雨量的关系将中国区域分为9种类型。结果表明:中国设计降雨量地域变化明显,广东、四川、广西、河北和河南等省的标准差为全国平均水平的1.5~3倍,且随年径流总量控制率的提升而增加,源头径流控制效果差异明显;南部地区径流控制效果多为"高量低率";"低量低率"区位于甘肃、宁夏等地,面积占比为9.44%,其降雨特征不适合发挥源头控制设施的效果;而最适宜发挥源头控制作用的"高量高率"区位于西南部分地区,面积占比为3.80%。