海绵城市建设的地质影响及适宜性研究——以常州市为例

海绵城市建设以低影响开发为核心,其核心技术措施中的“渗、蓄、滞、净、用、排”与地质环境密切相关。从地质环境适宜性的角度出发,以常州城市规划区为对象,基于GIS类软件,使用层次分析法、综合评分法等方法,综合考虑研究区的地形地貌、包气带特征、浅层含水层特征及地质灾害情况,构建了常州城市规划区海绵城市建设地质环境评价模型,分析了影响海绵城市建设的主要地质因素,并评价了该区地质环境适宜性。主要结论有:浅层含水层岩性与厚度、包气带岩性及地质灾害易发性是影响常州市海绵城市建设最主要的地质因素;研究区海绵城市地质环境整体较好,适宜性在中等及以上地区分布面积占总面积的89.69%。构建的地质环境评价模型可为同类型海绵城市地质环境评价与城市建设提供技术支撑。     

印支期龙门山造山楔推进作用与前陆型礁滩迁移过程研究

马鞍塘期龙门山前陆盆地是印支期造山楔加载于扬子地台西缘而形成的挠曲前陆盆地。根据地表露头、钻孔剖面和地震反射剖面资料,本文通过分析前陆盆地早期前陆缓坡型鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁组合在时间和空间上的迁移规律,标定了卡尼期龙门山造山楔的推进速率。结果表明:卡尼期马鞍塘组是分布于底部不整合面之上的第一套地层单元,在垂向上前陆型鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁组合显示为鲕粒灰岩滩-生物碎屑滩-硅质海绵礁灰岩-泥页岩的向上变细的沉积序列,记录了前缘隆起边缘碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁的构建和淹没过程,反映了在相对海平面的持续上升中鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁被淹没致死的过程。在横向上,盆地结构显示为西厚东薄,并向西倾斜的不对称盆地,由西向东依次分布了深水盆地、碳酸盐缓坡和海绵礁和浅水滨岸带等沉积物类型,显示了从龙门山造山楔向前陆一侧具有泥页岩向鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁的变化特征。其中鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁丘组合发育于15～30m深度的前陆同斜缓坡上,呈面向西的条带状展布,其走向线与龙门山冲断带的走向大致平行。并可将其划分为7个鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁相带,表明卡尼期硅质海绵礁丘和滩沿底部不整合面向南东方向的前陆缓坡超覆,其超覆线和相带的走向与龙门山冲断带的走向平行,显示了7条硅质海绵礁丘和滩是随着相对海平上升过程而向南东方向的前陆缓坡超覆过程中逐次形成的。卡尼期硅质海绵礁迁移速率为18mm·yr-1,其与龙门山造山楔推进速率(15mm·yr-1)基本一致,表明印支期龙门山逆冲楔推进速率与前陆鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁丘迁移速率具有明显的耦合关系。据此,本次提出了龙门山前陆盆地早期前陆型碳酸盐缓坡和硅质海绵礁的迁移模式,其形成的过程为:龙门山造山楔于卡尼期初始构造负载于扬子板块西缘,导致了前陆地区的挠曲沉降,形成了前陆盆地,驱动了相对海平面的持续上升,前陆盆地处于欠补偿状态,当相对海平面上升速率与硅质海绵礁生长速率相同时,在15～30m深度的前陆同斜缓坡上发育了鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁丘组合,随着龙门山造山楔不断地的向前陆地区推进,前陆盆地内相对海平面持续上升,逐次在前陆缓坡上15～30m深度的的位置开启了新的硅质海绵礁群的生长窗,形成了本区卡尼期7条带状展布的鲕粒滩-硅质海绵礁丘组合。因此,硅质海绵礁的淹没过程和迁移过程是龙门山造山楔向扬子克拉通推进过程的沉积响应,显示了在卡尼期-诺利期松潘-甘孜残留洋盆的迅速闭合和逆冲楔构造负载向扬子板块推进的动力学过程。     

基于地表类型的山地海绵城市生态建设评估

建设海绵城市是城市雨洪管理的重要举措。但山地海绵城市建设仍在发展探索阶段,并未建立全面的评估体系。目前,山地城市建设未充分利用地表类型信息及评估标准较少结合地形因素。针对此问题,本文基于城市地表覆被类型和地形因素,建立山地海绵城市的生态评估指标。首先获取研究区域两时相地类信息;然后计算地类变化检测结果,并结合高程和坡度评估区域海绵城市建设;最后经评估可知,在两时相间,绿地率增加了0.22%,不透水面率增加了0.46%,建设用地向中地势区间发展,同时获悉其余地类间的变化状况。结果表明,该区域绿地率增加,天然水体保护较好,透水面占比大于不透水面,生态建设与建设用地发展符合山地海绵城市建设原则。     

Swimming behaviour in a pycnogonid (note)

Four adult specimens of the pycnogonid Ammothea magniceps were observed swimming at the sea surface at night at Kaikoura. Even after capture the animals continued to swim at the surface of the water for over an hour. Such swimming behaviour is considered important in explaining the presence of “benthic” animals in plankton samples.     

Height matters: position above the substratum influences the growth of two demosponge species

In benthic communities sponges commonly outcompete other organisms in the race for suitable space. Superior competitive ability allows them to grow and overgrow other sessile organisms, some of these being octocorals. Acquiring substratum space, a resource often more limiting than food, is the obvious benefit of these competitive interactions. However, sponges that overgrow larger structures such as branching octocorals also change their position in the water column, and potentially their access to food and exposure to grazers. This study explored the potential benefit of sponge–octocoral associations by examining the effect of height off the bottom on growth of two species of ropelike demosponges under natural conditions. The growths of Amphimedon compressa and Iotrochota birotulata were monitored over 12 months at Cross Harbour, Great Abaco, The Bahamas, using small (5‐cm) sponge fragments that were established at three heights above the bottom (0–5, 30, 60 cm). Growth rates differed among the two species and among different heights. Over 12 months, the mean volumetric growth for A. compressa was 17.7 cm³ ± 1.4 compared with 8.9 cm³ ± 1.4 for I. birotulata. Both species had a higher growth rate at the 60‐cm level. These results suggest that these ropelike sponges benefit from their association and growth on octocorals, not only by using the octocoral skeletal axis as support, but also by acquiring exposure to higher water flow.     

基于地理国情普查的海绵城市下沉式绿地的分析研究——以武汉市江汉区为例

海绵城市是城市建设的新理念,全国正在推进海绵城市建设,为解决城市内涝,缓解城市建设对城市水文、环境的负面影响,在技术层面为海绵城市提供服务。文章采用现势性最强的地理国情普查数据,采用空间数据分析方法,通过定量计算分析了海绵城市建设中的下沉式绿地的现状与分布,为海绵城市建设的研究提供了技术支撑,同时也为地理国情普查更好地服务社会提供了可靠、准确、权威的地理信息服务。     

海绵共附生微生物基因多态性的RAPD-PCR分析

采用传统分离手段对中国南海海域的细薄星芒海绵（Stelletta tenui（Lindgren,1897）1、皱皮软海绵（Halichondria rugosa（Ridley＆Dendy））、澳大利亚厚皮海绵（Craniella australiensis（Carter））、贪婪倔海绵（Dysidea avara（Schmidt））4种海绵体内的微生物进行了分离培养,随机挑选64株芽孢杆菌属细菌（每种海绵16株）进行了RAPD-PCR基因多态性分析。研究表明,一些海绵微生物是可以通过传统分离手段得到的,来自同一或者不同海绵的微生物均具有丰富的基因多态性。     

Construction of a metagenomic DNA library of sponge symbionts and screening of antibacterial metabolites

To study the bioactive metabolites produced by sponge-derived uncultured symbionts, a metagenomic DNA library of the symbionts of sponge Gelliodes gracilis was constructed. The average size of DNA inserts in the library was 20 kb. This library was screened for antibiotic activity using paper disc assaying. Two clones displayed the antibacterial activity against Micrococcus tetragenus. The metabolites of these two clones were analyzed through HPLC. The result showed that their metabolites were quite different from those of the host E. coli DH5α and the host containing vector pHZ132. This study may present a new approach to exploring bioactive metabolites of sponge symbionts.     

陕南镇巴筇竹寺期的海绵骨针化石

在陕南镇巴下寒武统西蒿坪段和水井沱组下段的碳酸盐地层中含有大量保存完好、类型多样的海绵骨针化石。基于形态描述法,对海绵骨针化石进行了详细的形态描述及产地与层位判断。结果表明：根据与其共生的小壳化石和三叶虫等生物地层学资料,发现这些海绵骨针化石属于筇竹寺期;该区海绵骨针类型不仅包含有形态规则的二轴四射骨针、三轴六射骨针、三轴五射骨针,而且还有形态不规则的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉式骨针等;其中的四轴四射骨针、五轴五射骨针、五刺尖头星状骨针、二歧分叉二射式骨针为本次发现的新类型,极大地丰富了海绵骨针的类型。陕南镇巴筇竹寺期海绵骨针化石的数量以及分异度快速增加,充分说明海绵动物在陕南地区寒武纪早期开始大量繁盛并且迅速演化。     

Cambrian Reefs in the Western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia

Mid to late Cambrian thrombolites and maze-like maceriate reefs from the western North China Platform, Wuhai, Inner Mongolia, northwestern China, occur in the middle of a succession dominated by thin-bedded lime mudstone-shale/marlstone alternations, and are laterally surrounded by limestone conglomerate and/or grainstone. Thrombolite, characterized by meter-scale lenticular mounds composed of millimeter- to centimeter-scale mesoclots and wackestone matrix, occurs in the lower middle part of the sequence. Thrombolite mesoclots are composed of microstromatolites with alternating dark gray and light gray micritic laminae. The maze-like maceriate reefs occur in the middle to the upper part of the sequence, commonly forming lenticular mounds up to 1 m thick. They are characterized by centimeter- to decimeter-scale branched maze-like structures, whose biogenic portions (maceria) are selectively dolomitized. The maceriae are composed of poorly preserved microstromatolites and siliceous sponges. Inter-macerial sediments consist of lime mud and scattered bioclasts. These Wuhai reefs are generally similar to but older than various other Cambrian reefs previously reported from the Shandong region, northeastern China.