利用GPS反射信号遥感全球海态

最近几年，迅速发展一种新的空基海洋遥感技术。它在低轨卫星上接收经海面或地面反射的GPS信号，通过分析C／A或P码的相关函数波形及其后沿，荻得全球海面平均高度、浪高、海面风场以及土壤湿度等，提供海洋中尺度涡旋发展、演变信息，监测和分析高纬地区冰层厚度。它采用无源探测方法，具有成本低、荻取数据量多和快速等突出特点，是传统卫星高度计探测的重要补充和发展。该文讨论了这项技术发展现状、反射信号的时间延迟以及海态参数计算等关键技术；也给出作者利用掩星观测资料分析得到的海面反射回波一些重要结果。     

Comparison of length of day with oceanic and atmospheric angular momentum series

This is a companion paper to earlier comparisons and study of operational polar motion series, published recently in the same journal. In this contribution, four operational, publicly available, length-of-day (LOD) time series have been compared to the atmospheric angular momentum (AAM) augmented with recent oceanic angular momentum (OAM) data during September 1997–July 2000, using several intervals ranging from 3 days to almost 3 years. Additionally, the LOD of the International GNSS Service (IGS) historical series and a new LOD combination (CMB) were also analyzed. All the six LOD series showed an overall correlation exceeding 0.99 for the complete interval of almost 3 years. Even for the shortest interval of only 3 days, the correlation was still higher than 0.60. The combined AAM + OAM series with inverted barometer corrections always gave the best correlation. The Rapid Service LOD of the International Earth Rotation and Reference Systems Service (IERS) compared the best at all intervals but the shortest one, where the CMB LOD was the best with a correlation of 0.73, followed by both IGS series with a correlation of about 0.71. Prior to all the correlation analyses, in addition to the removal of all the known (conventional) LOD tidal variations with periods ranging from 5.6 days to 18.6 years and lunar fortnightly and monthly oceanic tides, small corrections of lunar fortnightly and monthly tides, semi-annual, annual periodical signals, drift and scale had to be estimated with respect to the combined AAM + OAM series.     

Thermal equation of state of majorite with MORB composition

In situ synchrotron X-ray diffraction experiments were conducted using the SPEED-1500 multi-anvil press at SPring-8 on majoritic garnet synthesized from natural mid-ocean ridge basalt (MORB), whose chemical composition is close to the average of oceanic crust, at 19 GPa and 2200 K. Pressure-volume-temperature data were collected using a newly developed high-pressure cell assembly to 21 GPa and 1273 K. Data were fit to the high-temperature Birch-Murnaghan equation of state, with fixed values for the ambient cell volume (V₀ = 1574.14(4) Å³) and the pressure derivative of the isothermal bulk modulus (K^′T = 4). This yielded an isothermal bulk modulus of K_T0 = 173(1) GPa, a temperature derivative of the bulk modulus (∂K_T/∂T)_P = −0.022(5) GPa K⁻¹, and a volumetric coefficient of thermal expansivity α = a + bT with values of a = 2.0(3) × 10⁻⁵ K⁻¹ and b = 1.0(5) × 10⁻⁸ K⁻². The derived thermoelastic parameters are very similar to those of pyrope. The density of subducted oceanic crust compared to pyrolitic mantle at the conditions in Earth's transition zone (410-660 km depth) was calculated using these results and previously reported thermoelastic parameters for MORB and pyrolite mineral assembledges. These calculations show that oceanic crust is denser than pyrolitic mantle throughout the mantle transition zone along a normal geotherm, and the density difference is insensitive to temperature at the pressures in lower part of the transition zone.     

Quantification and isotopic analysis of nitrogen in rocks at the ppm level using sealed tube combustion technique: A prelude to the study of altered oceanic crust

The present paper reports recent improvements in sealed tube combustion technique used for the determination of N isotopic composition in various rocks characterized by low N contents (i.e. few ppm). Nitrogen is extracted from samples by combustion in quartz tubes sealed under vacuum. The nitrogen gas purified using Cu, CuO and CaO, is quantified as dinitrogen N₂ by capacitance manometry in ultra-high vacuum line. Nitrogen isotopic analysis is performed on a triple-collector static vacuum mass spectrometer, allowing measurement of nanomole quantity of N₂. Nitrogen amount and isotopic composition of the analytical blanks are low and describe Gaussian distribution with mean values of 0.65 ± 0.30 nmol N and − 3.7‰ ± 2.7‰, respectively (2σ). Systematic analyses of international and internal standards demonstrate that this technique provides accurate and precise results. The precision on N content and isotopic composition are better than ± 8% and ± 0.5‰ respectively, even for samples containing less than 2 ppm N. The sealed tube combustion technique is shown to apply successfully to rocks of various lithologies such as metagabbros, metaperidotites and altered basalts. It is thus suitable for studying oceanic crust in a perspective to better constrain N exchanges between Earth mantle and surface reservoirs. The investigation can also be extended to analysis of small size samples, particularly when little sample exists and when high spatial resolution is required.     

瞬变电磁系统探测海底电导率的研究

选择在海洋工程与环境地质等方面有应用前景的海洋瞬变电磁法作为研究对象．研究了在高导海水中探测海底电导率的电磁感应理论,研制了共轴水平磁偶极-偶极装置（HRHR）的瞬变探测系统和解释软件．经东海海域实地试验,取得了良好效果,证实了瞬变电磁探测的有效性和方法优势．目前,它可作为海底地质填图的主要手段．经拓展后可用于海底分层和基底深度的探测．     

A Preliminary Study on the Preparation of Four Pacific Ocean Polymetallic Nodule and Sediment Reference Materials: GSPN-2, GSPN-3, GSMS-2 and GSMS-3

The research project for the preparation of two polymetallic nodule (GSPN-2, GSPN-3) and two marine sediment (GSMS-2, GSMS-3) reference materials was completed in 1996. The samples were collected from the Eastern and Central Pacific Ocean and prepared to less than 74 μm fine powder. The homogeneity of the materials was tested by X-ray fluorescence spectrometry. The relative standard deviations (RSD %) of measurements of selected elements in samples taken from thirty bottles selected at random were less than 0.5%. Thirty four laboratories worldwide participated in the collaborative analysis programme. The number of elements or constituents analysed was seventy nine for nodules and eighty one for sediments. Among those, sixty three elements were certified in each sample. The sum of major elements or components is 99.7% for GSPN-2, 99.5% for GSPN-3, 99.8% for GSMS-2 and 99.8% for GSMS-3.     

答《关于深海锰结核中“纳米级超微生物化石”的思考和建议》一文

本文详细讨论了东太平洋深海锰矿结核中新发现的中华微放线菌和太平洋螺球孢菌究竟是不是超微结构，首先，它们是笔者根据形态，结构和元素成分作为超微生物化石进行鉴定的，其次，透射电子显微镜中可以清楚地区分出完整的微生物结构，包括菌丝，孢子，孢囊和菌落等，它们之间的尺寸比例也是适当的，此外，透射电子显微像还揭示，深海锰质叠层石的纹层就是这些超微生物韵律性生长的结果，与滨海叠层中的纹层十分相似，笔者认为，已知微生物的最小尺寸不能作为否定新发现的超微生物化石的依据。本文还讨论了超微生物化石的术语问题。     

东太平洋海盆内多金属结核中的铁矿物

东太平洋海盆内多金属结核中的铁矿物萧绪琦郭立鹤（中国地质科学院矿床地质研究所，北京１０００３７）１前言早在五十年代人们就已注意到，大洋多金属结核含铁量较高，由于结核中矿物颗粒细小，结晶程度低，使得铁矿物的确定很困难，通常称之为铁的氧化物和氢氧化物。在...     

广东梅县嵩溪早侏罗世火山活动及其地质构造与成矿意义

从熔岩——玄武岩的岩石学、岩石化学、微量元素、稀土元素和锶同位素组成，以及火山旋回中玻璃碎屑岩诸方面特征，详细地研究了下侏罗统含矿层位内海底基性火山活动，阐述矿区玄武岩形成环境为夭折的大陆裂谷前期地壳槽形裂陷地堑系——裂陷槽。并讨论该裂陷槽环境中基性火山活动的银锑成矿意义     

多金属结核海底照片的图象识别与处理

NIRS是结核海底照片的处理系统。照片具点光源特征,中间亮边部暗,依光强与射线距离平方成反比的关系将其校正为平行光源照片;模式识别综合利用灰度、形状等特征分割图象与背景,圈定结核,然后计算覆盖率、估算丰度,以数据库存储管理信息。配置了1850DPI底片扫描仪,显示图象清晰。分析了DY851,DY853航次照片处理结果,划分出五种照片类型,提出了系统的最佳使用方法,讨论了照片处理质量的评价方法。