丁字湾增殖中国对虾适宜量的研究

丁字湾位于山东省海阳、莱阳、即墨三市交界处,面积为１３０ｋｍ２。该海湾局封闭式内湾,不易受风浪影响,地势平坦,潮间带宽阔,水深较浅,最深处１０ｍ。湾内水质肥沃,营养丰富,中国对虾（Ｐｅｎａｅｕｓ　ｃｈｉｎｅｎｓｉｓ喜食的寻氏肌蛤、鸭嘴蛤资源丰厚。该湾春季有亲虾产卵繁殖,６,７月份有幼对虾分布,是进行对虾增殖的优良海湾。但因受饵料和空间等制约,放流数量并非可以无限增加,据１９８８～１９９２年对丁字湾中国对虾放流增殖适宜量的研究表明,随放流数量增加,对虾个体变小,生长减慢,自然死亡率上升。因此,放流…     

不同倍性大黄鱼核仁数目银染观察

用银染法对不同倍性(单倍体、正常二倍体、正常三倍体、雌核发育二倍体、雌核发育鱼子代三倍体)大黄鱼胚胎、仔鱼或成鱼的不同组织进行细胞核仁数目观察计数。结果表明,大黄鱼各种倍性个体细胞核仁数目与染色体倍性之间有良好的对应关系,且核仁数随个体倍性的增加而增加;非诱导雌核发育的大黄鱼细胞核仁众数与染色体组数相等(二倍体为2,三倍体为3),而人工诱导雌核发育大黄鱼及其子代细胞核仁众数却比其相同倍性的非雌核发育鱼少1(雌核发育二倍体为1,雌核发育三倍体为2)。雌核发育鱼核仁数减少是一个非常有趣的现象,值得进一步研究。大黄鱼不同发育阶段(胚胎、仔鱼、成鱼)以及同一个体不同组织(鳃、肾、鳍)的细胞核仁数目(众数)相同。因此,借助核仁银染法可以快速、可靠、简便地进行染色体倍性鉴定。而雌核发育鱼核仁数减少的机理值得进一步研究。     

大连沿海排污口及邻近水域细菌动态分析

于2011年3月、5月、8月和10月对大连沿海10个排污口及部分排污口的邻近水域分别采集水样, 对样本进行细菌总数3M试纸计数、2216E培养基和TCBS培养基培养并菌落计数, 对不同菌株进行16S rRNA基因克隆测序, 鉴定种属, 对细菌时间、空间的动态分布与群落结构及细菌分布与生态因子的相关性进行了分析。结果表明, 不同的排污口之间细菌总数差别很大, 数量在(1.6—500.0)×104cfu/mL之间; 排污口与其邻近水域差异明显, 排污口、邻近5m、100m和500m距离的细菌总数全年平均分别为77.94×104、 34.00×104、 4.520×104和0.448×104 cfu/mL。不同季节之间, 远距离水样季节性差异较大, 而排污口间季节性差异相对较小。在群落构成上, 假交替单胞菌属、肠杆菌科、假单胞菌属、弧菌属和希瓦氏菌属为优势菌属, 检出率较高, 数量较大。细菌分布与多种生态因子具有不同程度的相关。     

BDS卫星失效对区域定位精度的影响评估

基于STK软件实现了2016-09 BDS系统星座结构的仿真,并选取可见卫星数、DOP值、系统可用性作为评估BDS卫星星座设计结构的指标,分析单颗与全部倾斜轨道卫星（IGSO）、地球静止轨道卫星（GEO）失效后对我国大陆地区BDS系统可用性的影响。结果表明,IGSO4卫星与GEO5卫星失效后对BDS在区域的定位性能影响较大,失效后的GDOP值分别为1.98、2.16。取BDS卫星正常运行时区域平均GDOP最大值(S=2.60)作为系统可用性阈值时,系统可用性分别降低了1.79%、32.63%;阈值取2S(5.20)、3S(7.80)、4S(10.40)、5S(13.00)时,系统可用性均可达100.00%。GEO整体失效后BDS系统在高精度定位中仍部分可用,而IGSO整体失效后BDS系统可用性受到大幅度限制。因此,增加在轨备份卫星时需重点考虑GEO5、IGSO4,并适当增加IGSO卫星的数目。     

雷诺数对圆形渐缩喷嘴湍流射流的影响

The present study systematically investigates by experiment the influence of Reynolds number (Re) on a turbulent jet issuing from a smoothly-contracting round nozzle. Measurements were performed for seven Reynolds numbers varying from Re = 4,050 to Re = 20,100 using single hot-wire anemometry and over an axial distance of 30 nozzle exit diameters. Although all the exit velocity profiles are of "top-hat" shape, these measurements reveal significant dependence on Re of the exit and downstream flows. The effect of Re on both the mean and turbulent fields is substantial for Re ＜ 10,000 and becomes weak beyond Re = 10,000. The length of the jet’s potential core and the far-field rates of decay and spread all depend significantly on Re.     

非等间距GM(1,1)模型的总体最小二乘算法及其病态问题

在非等间距GM(1,1)模型中,系数矩阵中有无误差的常数项和有误差的随机项,并且系数矩阵与观测向量误差同源,即系数矩阵与观测向量中有相同的元素存在,这些相同元素应该有相同的改正数,为此本文推导了一种适合非等间距GM(1,1)模型求解的总体最小二乘算法。同时,考虑到非等间距GM(1,1)模型中存在病态问题时影响总体最小二乘计算结果的稳定性,提出对系数矩阵常数列乘以某一常数的方法,以改善病态问题。     

广州市雷暴日数变化特征分析

通过对广州基准站(站号59287,纬度23.00°N,经度113.13°E,海拔高度10.4m)1951-2007年的雷暴观测资料进行对比统计分析,总结出广州市雷暴日数气候变化规律和特征,得到了一些对防雷减灾工作有积极意义的分析结果.     

矢量数据栅格化的一种有效方法——环绕数法

矢量数据栅格化是GIS数据处理的一项重要任务。目前,已存在多种栅格化方法,但是每种方法都有各自的局限性。本文首次提出了环绕数法,它基于计算几何转角理论,通过计算跨越数来确定环绕数,是一种简单、高效、易于实现的栅格化方法。应用环绕数法,不但可以完成简单多边形的栅格化,而且可以完成自交多边形的栅格化。     

Impact of soil and water conservation measures on catchment hydrological response—a case in north Ethiopia

Impact studies of catchment management in the developing world rarely include detailed hydrological components. Here, changes in the hydrological response of a 200‐ha catchment in north Ethiopia are investigated. The management included various soil and water conservation measures such as the construction of dry masonry stone bunds and check dams, the abandonment of post‐harvest grazing, and the establishment of woody vegetation. Measurements at the catchment outlet indicated a runoff depth of 5 mm or a runoff coefficient (RC) of 1·6% in the rainy season of 2006. Combined with runoff measurements at plot scale, this allowed calculating the runoff curve number (CN) for various land uses and land management techniques. The pre‐implementation runoff depth was then predicted using the CN values and a ponding adjustment factor, representing the abstraction of runoff induced by the 242 check dams in gullies. Using the 2006 rainfall depths, the runoff depth for the 2000 land management situation was predicted to be 26·5 mm (RC = 8%), in line with current RCs of nearby catchments. Monitoring of the ground water level indicated a rise after catchment management. The yearly rise in water table after the onset of the rains (ΔT) relative to the water surplus (WS) over the same period increased between 2002–2003 (ΔT/WS = 3·4) and 2006 (ΔT/WS >11·1). Emerging wells and irrigation are other indicators for improved water supply in the managed catchment. Cropped fields in the gullies indicate that farmers are less frightened for the destructive effects of flash floods. Due to increased soil water content, the crop growing period is prolonged. It can be concluded that this catchment management has resulted in a higher infiltration rate and a reduction of direct runoff volume by 81% which has had a positive influence on the catchment water balance. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Convection in a rotating annulus having sidewalls of height-dependent thermal conductance

Abstract

Thermal convection in a vertically-mounted, rotating annulus of a particular design proposed by Davies and Walin (1977) is investigated. The annulus used in the present study differs from the conventional type in some important aspects: the sidewalls are finitely conducting, and the thermal conductance of the sidewalls is height-dependent. The theoretical model due to Davies and Walin is briefly recounted. The present study aims to verify the theoretical model; we have acquired numerical solutions to the governing Navier-Stokes equations. The numerical results are supportive of the theoretical contentions. The near-linear dependence of the isothermal slope on the parameter D, which is a function of Ω and ΔT, is corroborated within reasonable limits. New data on the vertical and radial structures of the meridional and azimuthal flows are presented. The numerical results also confirm that the shape of the sidewall thickness has a substantial influence on the meridional flow patterns. In the bulk of the interior flow field, the dominant azimuthal flow field and the temperature field are linked by the thermal wind relation.