新疆北天山地区Ms≥2.0地震震源参数的重新测定

基于新疆32个测震台站记录到的28701条P波和S波震相到时数据,利用双差地震定位法重新测定新疆北天山地区(42.5°~45°N,82°~89°E)1988年4月至2003年6月间发生的1348次MS≥2.0地震的震源位置。为尽量得到全部地震的重新定位结果,本文结合双差地震定位法对资料的要求和所用资料情况,添加了437次1.5≤MS<2.0的地震震相到时数据参与定位计算。重新定位后得到了1253次MS≥2.0地震的重新定位结果,占全部MS≥2.0地震的93%,其中,MS≥3.0的地震全部得到了重新定位结果,并对没有得到重新定位结果的95次2.0≤MS<3.0地震的原因进行了分析。得到重新定位结果的1253次地震的均方根残差的平均值由重新定位前的0.83s降到0.14s,震源位置的测定误差(2倍标准偏差)在E-W方向平均为0.993km,在N-S方向上平均为1.10km,垂直方向平均为1.33km。分析重新定位结果得出,重新定位地震的震源深度较定位前有明显收敛,集中分布在5~35km,94.3%的地震震源深度分布在5~35km,68.2%的地震震源深度分布在10~25km,地震的平均震源深度为19km。     

Relocation of the Ms≥2.0 Earthquakes in the Northern Tianshan Region, Xinjiang, Using the Double-Difference Earthquake Relocation Algorithm

We applied the double-difference earthquake relocation algorithm to 1348 earthquakes with M_S≥2.0 that occurred in the northern Tianshan region, Xinjiang, from April 1988 to June 2003, using a total of 28701 P- and S-wave arrival times recorded by 32 seismic stations in Xinjiang. Aiming to obtain most of these M_S≥2.0 earthquakes relocations, and considering the requirements of the DD method and the condition of data, we added the travel time data of another 437 earthquakes with 1.5≤M_S<2.0. Finally, we obtained the relocation results for 1253 earthquakes with M_S≥2.0, which account for 93% of all the 1348 earthquakes with M_S≥2.0 and includes all the M_S≥3.0 earthquakes. The reason for not relocating the 95 earthquakes with 2.0≤M_S<3.0 is analyzed in the paper. After relocation, the RMS residual decreased from 0.83s to 0.14s, the average error is 0.993 km in E-W direction, 1.10 km in N-S direction, and 1.33 km in vertical direction. The hypocenter depths are more convergent than before and distributed from 5 km to 35 km, with 94% being from 5km to 35 km, 68.2% from 10 km to 25 km. The average hypocenter depth is 19 km.     

A critical revision of the seismicity of Northern Apulia (Adriatic microplate — Southern Italy) and implicationsfor the identification of seismogenic structures

Northern Apulia is an emerged portion of the Adriatic microplate, representing the foreland–foredeep area of a stretch of the Apennine chain in southern Italy. The interaction between the relatively rigid microplate and the contiguous more deformable domains is responsible for the intense seismicity affecting the chain area. However strong, sometimes even disastrous, earthquakes have also hit northern Apulia on several occasions. The identification of the causative faults of such events is still unclear and different hypotheses have been reported in literature. In order to provide guidelines and constraints in the search for these structures, a comprehensive re-examination and reprocessing of all the available seismic data has been carried out taking into consideration 1) the characteristics of historical events, 2) the accurate relocation of events instrumentally recorded in the last 20 years, 3) the determination of focal mechanisms and of the regional stress tensor.The results obtained bring to light a distinction between the foreland and foredeep areas. In the first region there is evidence of a regional stress combining NW compression and NE extension, thus structures responsible for major earthquakes should be searched for among strike–slip faults, possibly with a slight transpressive character. These structures could be either approximately N–S oriented sinistral or E–W dextral faults. In the foredeep region there is a transition toward transtensive mechanisms, with strikes similar to those of the previous zone, or maybe also towards NW oriented normal faults, more similar to those prevailing in the southern Apennine chain in relation to a dominant NE extension; this appears to be the effect of a reduction of the NW compression, probably due to a decrease in efficiency of stress transmission along the more tectonised border of the Adriatic microplate.     

Local boundary-layer development over burnt and unburnt tropical savanna: an observational study

Fire scars have the ability to radically alter the surface energy budget within a tropical savanna by reducing surface albedo, increasing available energy for partitioning into sensible and latent heat fluxes and increasing substrate heat flux. These changes have the potential to alter boundary-layer conditions and ultimately feedback to local and regional climate. We measured radiative and energy fluxes over burnt and unburnt tropical savanna near Howard Springs, Darwin, Australia. At the burnt site a low to moderate intensity fire, ranging between 1,000 and 3,500 kW m⁻¹, initially affected the land surface by removing all understorey vegetation, charring and blackening the ground surface, scorching the overstorey canopy and reducing the albedo. A reduction in latent heat fluxes to almost zero was seen immediately after the fire when the canopy was scorched. This was then followed by an increase in the sensible heat flux and a large increase in the ground heat flux over the burnt surface. Tethered balloon measurements showed that, despite the presence of pre-monsoonal rain events occurring during the measurement period, the lower boundary layer over the burnt site was up to 2^°C warmer than that over the unburnt site. This increase in boundary-layer heating when applied to fire scars at the landscape scale can have the ability to form or alter local mesoscale circulations and ultimately create a feedback to regional heating and precipitation patterns that may affect larger-scale processes such as the Australian monsoon.     

冬季西太平洋副高异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系

利用1951-2005年全国160个站气温资料、西太平洋副高特征指数和北太平洋海温资料,分析了冬季西太平洋副高强度和位置异常变化对我国气温的影响及其与前期北太平洋海温的关系,结果发现:冬季西太平洋副高强度和西伸脊点与我国气温分别存在着很好的正、负相关关系;前期北太平洋海温距平场呈现厄尔尼诺和拉尼娜分布型及赤道东太平洋海温异常变化,对冬季西太平洋副高强度和位置具有很好的预测指示意义。     

Metallogenic age and metallogenic dynamic setting of the Boziguoer super-large rare-rare earth metal deposit in Xinjiang: Insights from monazite U-Th-Pb dating and graphite Laser Raman spectroscopySCIEI北大核心CSCD

波孜果尔碱性岩型Nb-Ta-Rb-Zr-REE矿床位于塔里木克拉通北缘与南天山造山带的接合地段,是近年来在塔里木北缘碱性岩带中发现的规模最大的稀有-稀土综合性矿床。本文通过对含矿岩体中的独居石和晶质石墨包体开展成矿年代学和岩浆形成条件研究,结合含矿碱性岩全岩成分,揭示波孜果尔碱性岩型稀有-稀土金属矿床的岩石地球化学特征、晶质石墨对成岩/成矿的指示、稀土成矿时代和成矿动力学背景,并进一步总结区域成矿指示意义。研究发现,波孜果尔碱性岩以富含碱性暗色矿物(钠铁闪石和霓石)为特征,岩性以正长岩为主,有较高的稀土总量,富集轻稀土元素和高场强元素(Nb、Ta、Zr、Hf、Th、U等),亏损重稀土元素和Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素,显示强烈的负Eu异常。通过对晶质石墨的研究发现,不同岩相组中石墨的拉曼谱峰相似,显示具有较高的结晶程度,岩浆演化从细晶到伟晶阶段,石墨的无序度增大,可能与烧绿石和锆石等含放射性元素矿物增多使得辐射加强的影响有关。估算石墨的结晶温度介于700~800℃之间,其形成早于碱性岩浆,指示碱性岩浆早期为还原环境,晚期趋于氧化。独居石LA-ICP-MS U-Th-Pb结果显示波孜果尔稀土矿化时代约为280Ma,结合前人已获得的锆石U-Pb年龄,表明波孜果尔碱性岩浆活动时间从~290Ma到280Ma,持续了至少10Myr。进一步研究发现,从时间和空间上,波孜果尔含矿碱性岩所在的碱性岩带形成与塔里木地幔柱有关。地幔柱就位诱发被先前俯冲物质交代富集稀有-稀土元素和挥发性成分的岩石圈地幔低程度部分熔融形成富成矿元素的碱性岩母岩浆,随后在岩浆演化晚期富集成矿。     

粤北棉花坑(302)铀矿床围岩蚀变分带的铀矿物研究

粤北棉花坑(302)铀矿床是华南最大的花岗岩型铀矿床。本文以该铀矿床的一个代表性钻孔岩心为研究对象,利用电子探针对该钻孔中的铀矿物进行系统研究。该钻孔岩心具有明显的垂直围岩蚀变分带现象:从上到下可分为四个带,分别为:正常花岗岩或弱蚀变带(Ⅰ带);高岭石化、绢云母化带(Ⅱ带);强绢云母化、绿泥石化带(Ⅲ带);矿化带(Ⅳ带)。铀矿物类型也具有分带现象:Ⅰ带、Ⅱ带、Ⅲ带的铀矿物主要是晶质铀矿和铀钍石;矿化带Ⅳ带的铀矿物主要有沥青铀矿、铀石、钛铀矿、铀钍石四种类型。运用电子探针测年方法对不同蚀变带的晶质铀矿和沥青铀矿进行定年,获得晶质铀矿的化学年龄为165±3.1Ma,代表长江岩体的形成年龄;沥青铀矿的化学年龄可分为四组:~120Ma、~102Ma、~92Ma和~68Ma,代表矿区多期次的热液活动时间,也可代表粤北地区多期次铀成矿作用年龄,前三组可能代表早期铀成矿事件,第四组为主成矿期。广泛发育的热液蚀变促使U发生活化、转移,进而在有利空间富集成矿。对典型铀矿床作深入细致的蚀变分带研究工作,有助于提高对成岩成矿过程的认识。     

Adakite-like granitoids of Songkultau: A relic of juvenile Cambrian arc in Kyrgyz Tien Shan

The early Paleozoic Terskey Suture zone,located in the southern part of the Northern Tien Shan domain in Kyrgyzstan,comprises tectonic slivers of dismembered ophiolites and associated primitive volcanics and deepmarine sediments.In the Lake Songkul area,early-middle Cambrian pillow basalts are crosscut by the Songkultau intrusion of coarse-grained gneissose quartz diorites and tonalites with geochemical characteristics typical for high-SiO2 adakites(SiO2>56 wt.%,Al2O3>15 wt.%,Na2 O>3.5 wt.%and high Sr/Y and La/Yb ratios).The Songkultau granitoids have positive initialεNd(+3.8 to+6.4)andεHf(+12.3 to+13.5)values indicating derivation from sources with MORB-like isotopic signature.Volcanic formations,surrounding the Songkultau intrusion,have geochemical affinities varying from ocean floor to island arc series.This rock assemblage is interpreted as a relic of an early-middle Cambrian primitive arc where the adakite-like granitoids were derived from partial melting of young and hot subducted oceanic crust.An age of 505 Ma,obtained for the Songkultau intrusion,shows that hot subduction under the Northern Tien Shan continued until middle Cambrian.The primitive arc complexes were obducted onto the Northern Tien Shan domain,where the Andean type continental magmatic arc developed in Cambrian and Ordovician.Formation of the Andean type arc was accompanied by uplift,erosion and deposition of coarse clastic sediments.A depositional age of ca.470 Ma,obtained for the gravellites in the Lake Songkul area,is in agreement with the timing of deposition for lower Ordovician conglomerates elsewhere in the Northern Tien Shan,and corresponds to the main phase of the Andean type magmatism.The Songkultau adakites in association with surrounding ocean floor and island arc formations constitute a relic of a primitive Cambrian arc and represent a juvenile domain of substantial size identified so far within the predominantly crustal-derived terranes of Tien Shan.On a regional scale this primitive arc can be compared with juvenile Cambrian arcs of Kazakhstan,Gorny Altai and Mongolia.     

黔北桐梓—金沙一带发现晚二叠世煤富集稀土、锂金属元素

通过对黔北桐梓、金沙煤矿调查及取样、样品分析测试,发现桐梓、金沙煤层普遍具有稀土和锂元素高富集特征,其中稀土和锂元素含量明显高于我国煤中稀土平均值（138 μg/g）和锂平均值（31.8 μg/g）（王登红等,2019; 代世峰等,2020）,而且稀土和锂含量比我国山西、内蒙古等地富稀土、锂等煤含量还要高,黔北煤中稀土、锂等金属元素含量如此之高在全国实属罕见,而且在这些煤矿废水中发现稀土元素超富集现象,其对研究煤层中稀土元素浸出机理提供了天然的实验场所。因此,揭示该区域煤中高富集稀土、锂等金属元素的富集特征、富集原因,废水中金属元素浸出机理是本次研究目的。     

塔里木北缘波孜果尔碱性(花岗)岩铌-钽-锆-铷-稀土矿床钠铁闪石、霓石特征及意义

碱性造岩矿物能够记录碱性岩源区特征、岩浆演化以及晚期成矿的重要信息,是开展碱性岩成岩成矿研究的有效手段。波孜果尔碱性花岗岩型铌-钽-锆-铷-稀土矿床位于塔里木北缘-中亚南天山晚古生代造山带,是塔里木地块北缘铌成矿带中典型的碱性岩型矿床。本文通过对含矿岩体中的霓石和钠铁闪石开展矿物学研究,结合全岩成分揭示波孜果尔稀有-稀土金属矿床含矿岩体的岩石类型、演化特征、构造背景及成矿条件。研究发现,含矿碱性岩体由霓石钠铁闪石碱长花岗岩、霓石钠铁闪石石英碱长正长岩、霓石钠铁闪石碱长正长岩组成。不同岩相岩石均表现出相似的稀土和微量元素配分模式,以富集轻稀土元素和高场强元素,亏损大离子亲石元素和重稀土元素为特征,具有显著的负Eu异常,指示三种岩石类型是同源岩浆演化的产物。含矿岩体中的辉石为霓石-霓辉石,角闪石为钠铁闪石。霓石和钠铁闪石稀土和微量元素配分模式相似且含量都较低,富集重稀土、亏损轻稀土,具有显著的负Eu异常,并富集Zr、Hf等高场强元素,亏损Ba、Sr等大离子亲石元素。霓石和钠铁闪石微量元素特征指示三个岩相单元的演化程度由低到高依次为霓石钠铁闪石碱长花岗岩→霓石钠铁闪石石英碱长正长岩→霓石钠铁闪石碱长正长岩,且结晶分异作用控制了岩体的形成。同时,早期霓石钠铁闪石碱长花岗岩的钠铁闪石呈现Ce正异常,晚期岩相中则无异常,指示演化的早期阶段氧逸度较高,随着磁铁矿等氧化物的结晶熔体趋于还原。波孜果尔含矿岩体成矿元素除Rb外分布并不均匀,表现为演化早期的岩相富集Nb,而演化晚期的岩相更富集稀土和Zr。进一步研究发现,塔里木北缘碱性岩带发育的铌、稀土、钽、锆、铷、铀等稀有稀土金属矿化与地幔柱引起的幔源岩浆底侵有关,其构造背景可能为地幔柱对造山带的叠置。