Mud volcano eruptions and earthquakes in the Northern Apennines and Sicily, Italy

The relations between earthquakes and the eruption of mud volcanoes have been investigated at the Pede–Apennine margin of the Northern Apennines and in Sicily. Some of these volcanoes experienced eruptions or increased activity in connection with historical seismic events, showing a good correlation with established thresholds of hydrological response (liquefaction) to earthquakes. However, the majority of eruptions have been documented to be independent of seismic activity, being mud volcanoes often not activated even when the earthquakes were of suitable magnitude and the epicentre at the proper distance for the triggering. This behaviour suggests that paroxysmal activity of mud volcanoes depends upon the reaching of a specific critical state dictated by internal fluid pressure, and implies that the strain caused by the passage of seismic waves can activate only mud volcanoes in near-critical conditions (i.e., close to the eruption). Seismogenic faults, such as the Pede–Apennine thrust, often structurally control the fluid reservoirs of mud volcanoes, which are frequently located at the core of thrust-related folds. Such an intimate link enables mud volcanoes to represent features potentially suitable for recording perturbations associated with the past and ongoing tectonic activity of the controlling fault system.     

Isotopic features of rivers and groundwater of the Parma Province (Northern Italy) and their relationships with precipitation

The Enza, Parma, Baganza, Taro and Po rivers and several waters from aquifers of the area of the Parma town (northern Italy) have been investigated for oxygen and hydrogen isotopes. Enza, Parma, Baganza and Taro differ from Po in having higher isotope ratios and the Taro River exhibits an isotope ratio higher than those of Enza, Parma and Baganza. The low values of Po are due to the dominant contribution of waters coming from glaciers and precipitation occurring along the Alps. The high values of the Taro River are probably due to the fact that its catchment basin extends close to the Tyrrhenian sea and is well opened to perturbations coming from the west. The isotopic values of the present day precipitations occurring along the northern Apennine piedmont area are lower than in rivers. On the contrary, the rivers resemble waters issuing from springs located close the Apennine ridge; the isotopic values of the last waters probably approach those in the precipitation occurring at present along the Apennine ridge. Reasonably, the low isotope values recorded in precipitation of the Apennines piedmont area are due to cold air masses invading the Po plain from N or NE rather than only to the change in the regime of precipitation (higher amount in cold periods, lower amount in the hot periods). Waters of the aquifer of the Po plain have been investigated in the Priorato, Parola and Parma fields (Parma Province). The aquifers are largely fed by the surface hydrographic system: their waters have constant isotopic composition and resemble waters of the Apennines rivers. They are also isotopically similar to the average precipitation occurring from 1995 to 2006, but differ largely from recent (2003–2005) precipitation. Minor isotopic variations recorded in a well of the Priorato field suggest that this well is partly fed by local precipitation.     

利用环境同位素信息识别鲁北平原地下水的补给特征

在野外采样的基础上,通过测试分析不同层位地下水中同位素2H 、18O、3H的特征和水化学组成,利用同位素2H、18Ｏ和3H及水化学方法识别鲁北平原地下水的补给来源,估算黄河水与地下水的转化数量,揭示黄河下游平原区的水文循环特征。研究结果表明,鲁北平原浅层地下水的主要补给源为当地的大气降水和黄河水（包括引黄灌溉和黄河水渗漏）,大气降水与黄河水所占的比例随距黄河的远近而变化。总补给量中,大气降水和黄河水的补给比例分别为86%和14%;深层地下水主要起源于古代大气降水,是在比现在寒冷的气候条件下大气降水入渗形成的。     

二连盆地北缘晚中生代火山岩Ar-Ar年代、地球化学及构造背景

中国东北二连盆地周缘分布有三组时代不同的晚中生代火山岩,其中早、中期为两套地球化学性质不同的流纹岩,晚期为玄武质火山岩。本文通过测定火山岩基质Ar-Ar同位素年龄,表明早期查干诺尔组流纹岩形成于142Ma,晚期不拉根哈达组基性火山岩形成于129Ma,可见二连盆地北缘晚中生代火山岩时代均为早白垩世。通过对主、微量元素地球化学特征和Sr-Nd-Pb同位素组成研究,以及与邻区同期满克头鄂博组英安岩和流纹岩、玛尼吐组英安岩、霍林河地区查干诺尔组英安岩、流纹岩对比,认为早期查干诺尔组流纹岩来源于新成下地壳,岩浆演化过程经历了强烈分异作用;中期流纹岩源区为中上地壳或下地壳岩浆经历了上地壳强烈同化混染作用;晚期不拉根哈达组基性火山岩则源于受俯冲洋壳流体交代的富集岩石圈地幔。结合早白垩世区域岩石圈减薄背景,本文认为研究区早白垩世火山岩形成于陆内伸展构造环境。     

内蒙古贺兰山地区古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆事件及其地质意义: 同位素年代学的证据

位于华北克拉通西缘的贺兰山杂岩主要由孔兹岩系和变形花岗岩(正片麻岩)所组成,前者主要由夕线石榴片麻岩、石榴二长片麻岩、变粒岩和少量的大理岩及麻粒岩所组成,后者主要包括黑云斜长片麻岩、石榴子石花岗岩、斑状花岗岩和片麻状变质闪长岩.本文报道了该区变形花岗岩的锆石SHRIMP U-Pb定年结果.黑云二长片麻岩和石榴子石花岗岩分别形成于2053±58Ma和2047±42Ma,斑状花岗岩和片麻状闪长岩分别在1955Ma和1920Ma侵位.大量的年代学资料表明,在华北克拉通北缘存在一条古元古代晚期的花岗杂岩带,该带中的花岗杂岩主要形成于三个阶段,第一阶段大于2.0Ga,第二阶段主要出现在2.0～1.87Ga期间,第三阶段的花岗杂岩在1.85～1.80Ga期间侵位.年代学研究还表明,古元古代晚期的花岗岩浆作用常常与变质事件紧密相关.     

呼图壁河基流变化及其影响因素

基于石门水文站实测日径流数据和流域气象资料,运用平滑最小值法和递归数字滤波法对呼图壁河流量过程进行了基流分割研究。在不同的时间尺度上探讨了呼图壁河年均基流量和基流指数（BFI）的变化特征,以及不同水平年基流量与BFI的变化特征,并按照不同水平年份的划分从气温和降水两方面剖析影响基流变化的因素。结果表明：研究区内平滑最小值法优于递归数字滤波法。呼图壁河基流量的年内分布表现为单峰型,7月达到最大值,BFI先减小后增加,5月最小,枯水期BFI接近1。呼图壁河年基流量呈现为增加的趋势,多年平均基流量为3.67×10⁸ m³,多年平均BFI为0.78,呈递减趋势。枯水年份的平均BFI为0.78,平水年为0.76,丰水年为0.74。春秋两季气温和降水对呼图壁河基流量的影响最为显著,不同的水平年份相关系数也存在一定差异。各年份气温对春秋两季基流量的影响均大于降水,说明气温是呼图壁河基流变化的关键性因素。     

新疆东天山红石岗北铜镍矿化镁铁质岩体岩石成因及成矿潜力分析

红石岗北岩体是新疆有色地质勘查局704队于2014年新发现的,产于东天山康古尔—黄山韧性剪切带内。岩体地表主要岩性为闪长岩、角闪辉长岩和橄榄辉长岩,硫化物主要由磁黄铁矿、镍黄铁矿和黄铜矿组成。为准确评价岩体深部找矿潜力,本文在对该岩体开展系统的锆石U-Pb年代学、矿物晶体化学、岩石地球化学及Sr-Nd同位素研究基础上,结合其地球物理特征,将其与东天山已知典型铜镍矿床进行了系统对比研究。结果表明红石岗北岩体锆石U-Pb谐和年龄为276.1±5.4Ma,表明其形成于早二叠世。橄榄石Fo值为69.9~72.6,属贵橄榄石,Ni含量变化范围为101×10~(-6)~1326×10~(-6);单斜辉石主要为顽透辉石—透辉石;斜方辉石主要为古铜辉石。MgO与SiO_2、CaO和Al_2O_3之间呈明显的负相关性,与FeO~T呈明显的正相关性。在稀土元素球粒陨石标准化图解上,所有样品均呈轻稀土略富集的右倾型,相对富集大离子亲石元素(Cs、Sr、Ba),具有明显的Nb、Ta负异常。样品(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)_i=0.70342~0.70349,ε_(Nd)(t)=+7.51~+8.25(t=276Ma),Sr、Nd同位素模拟计算表明母岩浆上升过程中遭受了约5%的地壳物质混染。与东天山地区已知典型铜镍矿床相比,红石岗北岩体中橄榄石Fo值及主量元素含量明显偏低,且变化范围较小,但其形成时代、微量元素和Sr-Nd同位素特征和同化混染程度均相似,表明红石岗北岩体与黄山东、黄山等矿床的岩浆源区性质、构造背景、母岩浆成分及演化过程具有相似性,暗示红石岗北岩体深部应存在超镁铁质岩石。红石岗北岩体地表磁异常、剩余重力异常和视电阻率均与东天山已知铜镍矿床具有相似性,表明其深部可能存在赋矿的超镁铁质岩体。综上所述,我们认为红石岗北岩体深部具有较大的铜镍找矿潜力。     

银北平原浅层高砷地下水砷富集水化学特征研究

宁夏银川平原是继河套平原之后,在黄河流域发现的又一个高砷地下水分布区.为了总结其高砷地下水的水化学特征,并探索水化学因素对地下水砷释放和富集的影响机制,本文以银川平原北部（银北平原）作为典型研究区,采取野外水文地质调查、水样采集与测试、砷与水化学组分散点图相关分析及水文地球化学方法进行了综合研究.结果表明,银北平原地下水砷含量在0.2~177 μg/L之间;高砷地下水（大于50 μg/L） pH值多在7.5~8.5,水化学类型主要为HCO3-Na·Ca、Cl·HCO₃-Na及Cl·HCO₃-Na·Ca型,E_h多在-200~-100 mV.银北平原砷含量较高的地下水中COD、NH₄⁺、HCO3^-含量相应也较高,而NO3^-和SO₄^2-含量较低.高砷富有机质的冲-湖积含水层经过长期演化,形成偏碱性的中强还原性地下水环境和特殊的水化学特征,也具备极大的砷释放能力.较高的pH导致砷从铁锰氧化物或氢氧化物等水合物或黏土矿物表面解吸.其次部分铁锰氧化物在高pH、低E_h条件下可被还原为低价态可溶性铁锰,从而使与其结合的砷也得以释放进入地下水中.此外重碳酸根与砷酸根、亚砷酸根的竞争吸附行为促使含水层砷的解吸.     

Mineralogy, Chemical Characteristics and Upgrading of Beach Ilmenite of the Top Meter of Black Sand Deposits of the Kafr Al-Sheikh Governorate, Northern Egypt

Egyptian beach ilmenite occurs in a relatively high content in the naturally highly concentrated superficial black sand deposits at specific beach zones in the northern parts of the Nile Delta at Rosetta. Microscopic study shows that the ilmenite occurs as fresh homogeneous black or heterogeneous multicoloured altered grains and exhibits three types (homogeneous, exsolved and altered) of ilmenite varieties. XRD data of ilmenite indicates their association with minor hematite and quartz, whereas leucoxene shows its association with Nb‐rutile, pseudorutile and hematite. Grain size distribution suggests a very fine sand size of >89% and 80% and a fine sand size of 10.5% and 18.3% for fresh and altered ilmenites, respectively. The density of fresh, altered ilmenite and leucoxene concentrates varies from 2.70, 2.50 to 2.40 ton/m³, suggesting a gradual decrease from high grade fresh to leucoxene and consistent with variation in magnetic susceptibility as a consequence of the leaching of iron. Mass magnetic susceptibility reveals 97.6% of ilmenite and 92% of the altered form are obtained at 0.20 and 0.48 ampere. Fresh ilmenite exhibits variable TiO₂ (47.18%) and Fe₂O₃^T (46.10%) with minor MnO, MgO and Cr₂O₃ (1.22, 1.10 and 0.51%). The altered ilmenite is higher in TiO₂ (76.16%) and SiO₂ (4.68%) and lower in Fe₂O₃^T (14.45%), MnO, MgO and Cr₂O₃ (0.39, 0.52 and 0.11%) compared with the fresh form. Three concentrates of ilmenites (G1, G2 and G3) were prepared from crude ore using a Reading cross belt magnetic separator under different conditions, revealing a gradual increase of TiO₂, SiO₂, Al₂O₃ and CaO accompanied by a decrease of Fe₂O₃^T, MgO and Cr₂O₃ with repetition of the separation processes. Several ore dressing techniques were carried out to upgrade the ilmenite concentrate.     

青藏高原北部地区中强震前地磁低点位移特征研究

分析了1994年以来青藏高原北部地区中强震前地磁低点位移的分布特征后,发现在该区中强震前均出现地磁低点位移异常。表明根据地磁低点位移异常对地震三要素（时间、地点和震级）的短临预报有一定的指导作用。