南海北康盆地热流分布特征及其构造控制因素探讨

热流是天然气水合物储量估算和油气资源评价的基础数据。南海实测热流数据虽然多,但分布不均。为深入认识北康盆地的热流特征,本文首先利用北康盆地获得的实测热流数据和前人研究成果,绘制了北康盆地热流分布图;根据热流和地温梯度变化特征,重点讨论了北康盆地热流异常区的成因机制,并根据区域地质构造背景,对北康盆地热流分布主要的控制因素进行了简要分析。数据统计结果表明:北康盆地热流变化范围为43.0~115.0mW/m~2,平均为76.8±21.7 mW/m~2;地温梯度变化范围为49.0~133.1℃/km,平均地温梯度为82.2±22.4℃/km。热流整体偏高,具有西高东低,南部高、东南部热流最低的热流特征,且在盆地西北部具有明显的热流异常。分析认为:(1)热流异常区中B区是由于海底高导层埋深影响,A区和C区是由海底流体渗漏区的地下水循环导致热流异常,推测A区为补给区,C区为排泄区;(2)北康盆地热流分布明显受构造作用的控制。西北部及南部受廷贾断裂控制,而东南部为古俯冲带及古洋陆过渡带,西高东低的热流分布特征还与盆地经历的3次快速沉降作用有关,但北康盆地拉张的构造背景引起整体热流值偏高。这对北康盆地油气和天然气水合物的研究均有重要意义。     

Numerical study of nonlinear freak wave impact underneath a fixed horizontal deck in 2-D space

Freak waves are extreme and unexpected surface waves with huge wave heights that may lead to severe damage to ships and offshore structures. However, few researches have been conducted to investigate the impact underneath fixed horizontal decks caused by freak waves. To study these phenomena, a 2-D numerical wave tank is built in which nonlinear freak waves based on the Peregrine breather solution are generated. As a validation, a regular-wave-induced underneath impact is simulated and compared to the existing experimental measurements. Then the nonlinear freak-wave-induced impact is investigate with different values of deck clearance above the mean free surface. In addition, a comparative simulation of a “large” regular wave based on the 2nd-order Stokes wave theory with the same crest height and wave length of the nonlinear freak wave is carried out to reveal the unique features of the nonlinear freak-wave-induced impact. By applying a fluid–structure interaction (FSI) algorithm in which the bottom deck and front side wall are simplified as Euler beams in 2-D and discretized by the finite element method (FEM), the hydroelastic effects are considered during the impact event. The vertical force acting underneath the bottom deck, the transversal force acting on the front side wall, the structural displacements of the elastic deck and wall are analyzed and discussed respectively, from which meaningful conclusions are drawn.     

A nonlinear viscoelastic bend stiffener steady-state formulation

Bend stiffeners are essential components of a flexible riser system, employed to ensure a smooth transition at the upper connection and to protect the riser against over bending and from accumulation of fatigue damage. The highly nonlinear rate dependent behavior of these structures directly affects the integrity assessment of the riser in one of its most critical regions, the top connection. A steady-state formulation (disregarding inertial forces) and numerical solution procedure is developed in this work employing the perturbation method for a nonlinear viscoelastic bend stiffener large deflection beam model subjected to harmonic loading conditions. For stochastic loading conditions, the response is calculated employing the superposition principle by summing up the steady-state result of a number of individual frequency components. A time domain formulation is also derived employing the state-variable approach for the numerical solution of the resulting hereditary integral in the governing equations. A case study is presented for the top connection system of a 4″ ID flexible riser using relaxation and tensile experimental data obtained from a typical class of bend stiffener polyurethane. Harmonic and stochastic input loading conditions are employed for time and frequency domain model comparison/validation and to assess loading history and frequency influence in the curvature response.     

Lower bound limit analysis of wedge stability using block element method

A lower bound limit analysis approach based on the block element method is proposed to analyze wedge stability problem. The search for the maximum value of the factor of safety is set up as a nonlinear programming problem. Sequential quadratic programming (SQP) algorithm from a reasonable initial value is applied to obtain the optimal solution. This approach provides a strict lower bound solution considering the sliding mode and rotation effect simultaneously. The deviations of the factor of safety between the present and traditional limit equilibrium methods are positively correlated with both the friction angle and the dip of the discontinuity surface.     

Long-term Non-linear creep and swelling behavior of Hong Kong marine deposits in oedometer condition

The time-dependent stress-strain behavior of clayey soil is a great concern for predicting long-term settlement especially for large-scale land reclamation projects. In this paper, long-term time-dependent behavior of Hong Kong Marine Deposits (HKMD) under the loading stage and unloading stage is investigated by multi-staged loading oedometer test. Special emphasis has been given to study creep and swelling behavior. It is found that the clayey soil demonstrates the creep behavior during the loading stage, whereas it shows the swelling behavior during the unloading stage. The analysis of the creep behavior shows that there exists a linear trend between creep strain and time (in log-scale) within a certain period, whereas a nonlinear relationship in a long term view. Similar result is found for the swelling behavior. A nonlinear function is found to be suitable to predict the long-term creep and swelling behavior. The creep strain limit and swelling strain limit can be obtained if the nonlinear function is adopted to fit the experimental data. In addition, a new modified Elastic Visco-Plastic model considering Swelling (EVPS model) is proposed and presented, which considers the nonlinear creep and swelling behavior. In this modified EVPS model, the final creep and swelling equilibrium stress-strain state can also be obtained when the time is infinite.     

辽东地区含石墨地层条件下的物探找矿效果——以钓鱼台金银矿为例

辽东地区高家峪组地层中,由于地层岩性中的含墨性,形成的高极化率异常值（低电阻率异常值）往往高于（低于）矿致异常值,严重影响了物探方法找矿效果,有的地区甚至无法开展物探找矿工作.本文以钓鱼台金银矿找矿为例,通过对矿区的地层岩性结构、成矿地质条件及控矿、容矿地质构造的分析,进行岩矿石电性测定,采用激电中梯和音频大地电磁组合方法进行综合探测,建立起含墨地层岩性的异常响应模型,并对矿致异常进行正确的识别和划分,经钻探验证取得了较好的找矿效果.     

重力梯度数据协克里金三维反演确定岩脉倾向

采用协克里金法处理重力或重力梯度数据反演地下3D密度时,岩脉倾角的先验信息是否合理决定了反演结果的好坏。为了使协克里金法在先验信息不充足时也能得到理想的反演效果,我们提出角度扫描的方法来获取岩脉倾角信息:在保持其他反演参数不变的前提下,假设模型的倾斜角度未知,每次引入不同角度进行协克里金反演,再根据先验信息剔除不合理密度值,得到密度分布;统计预测数据与测量数据拟合残差的标准差,根据极小值对应的角度估计岩脉的倾角。本文基于4种不同倾斜角度(0°,45°,90°,135°)岩脉模型的重力梯度垂直分量Tzz验证方法有效性,都能够准确地估计出岩脉倾斜角度。这使得协克里金法在岩脉倾角未知的情况下,也能得到较好的反演结果。     

Multi-component joint inversion of gravity gradient based on fast forward calculation

With the development of gravity gradient full tensor measurement technique , three-dimensional (3D) inversion based on gravity gradient tensor can provide more accurate information .But the forward calcula-tion of 3D full tensor sensitivity matrix is very time-consuming, which restricts its development and application . According to the symmetry of the kernel function , the authors reconstruct the underground source of geological body to avoid repeat computation of the same value , and work out the corresponding relationship between the re-sponse of geological body to the observation point and the response of reconstructed geological body to the obser -vation point .According to the relationship , rapid calculation of full tensor gravity sensitivity matrix can be achieved .The model calculation shows that this method can increase the speed of 30-45 times compared with the traditional calculation method .The sensitivity matrix is applied to the multi-component inversion of gravity gradient .The application of this method on the measured data provides the basis for the promotion of the meth -od.     

Assimilation of altimetry data for nonlinear shallow-water tides: Quarter-diurnal tides of the Northwest European Shelf

Non-linear tidal constituents, such as the overtide M₄ or the compound tide MS₄, are generated by interaction in shallow seas of the much larger astronomically forced “primary” tidal constituents (e.g., M₂, S₂). As such, errors in modeling these “secondary” shallow-water tides might be expected to be caused first of all by errors in modeling the primary constituents. Thus, in the context of data assimilation, observations of primary-constituent harmonic constants can indirectly constrain shallow-water constituents. Here we consider variational data assimilation for primary and secondary tidal constituents as a coupled problem, using a simple linearized perturbation theory for weak interactions of the dominant primary constituents. Variation of the resulting penalty functional leads to weakly non-linear Euler–Lagrange equations, which we show can be solved approximately with a simple two-stage scheme. In the first stage, data for the primary constituents are assimilated into the linear shallow water equations (SWE), and the resulting inverse solutions are used to compute the quadratic interactions in the non-linear SWE that constitute the forcing for the secondary constituents. In the second stage, data for the compound or overtide constituent are assimilated into the linear SWE, using a prior forced by the results of the first stage. We apply this scheme to assimilation of TOPEX/Poseidon and Jason altimetry data on the Northwest European Shelf, comparing results to a large set of shelf and coastal tide gauges. Prior solutions for M₄, MS₄ and MN₄ computed using inverse solutions for M₂, S₂, and N₂ dramatically improve fits to validation tide gauges relative to unconstrained forward solutions. Further assimilation of along-track harmonic constants for these shallow-water constituents reduces RMS differences to below 1 cm on the shelf, approaching the accuracy of the validation tide gauge harmonic constants.