黑龙江省中西部地球排气与地震活动的探讨

本文根据近两年来在黑龙江省中西部沿断裂带逸出的H2、CO、H2S等还原性气体组合,结合C、H、S、He、Ar同位素研究,讨论了还原性气体组合的深源特征。在此基础上以安达地震为例,作者阐明了以氢气为首的还原性气体逸出与深部构造背景及其与地震的关系。深源还原性气体的逸出孕育着地壳不稳定的因素,有诱发地震和其他自然灾害的可能。地球排气作用与地震作用关系的研究在类似黑龙江省中西部大面积被第四系覆盖的地区是地震预报较为有效的手段。     

西拉木伦河断裂在松辽盆地下部的延伸

西拉木伦河断裂作为华北板块与西伯利亚板块的最终缝合线,其西段的展布较为明确,但其东段尤其是在松辽盆地下部的延伸一直没有定论.本文通过对松辽盆地西部边界嫩江-八里罕断裂、中央断裂构造性质的研究,证实它们都具有左行走滑剪切的特征,据此初步提出了西拉木伦河断裂在松辽盆地下部被嫩江-八里罕断裂和中央断裂左行错移的认识.结合已报道的松辽盆地基底高精度锆石年龄数据,松辽盆地南部重力异常特征、MT剖面以及地壳和岩石圈厚度特征,认为西拉木伦河断裂在松辽盆地下部沿开鲁-通辽-科尔沁左翼中旗-长春-线展布.     

淮北海孜煤矿断层与层间滑动构造组合型式及其形成机制

煤矿中煤层断层与层间滑动构造(简称层滑构造)发育普遍,可出现不同形式的组合。进行煤层断层与层滑构造及其组合型式的研究,对分析区域构造变形史、查明和预测煤层赋存规律、研究煤的耗散流变、煤层气的开发以及预防煤与瓦斯突出都具有重要作用。本文以淮北矿区海孜煤矿为例,在现场观测的基础上,分析总结了7、8、9和10煤层的断层与层滑构造的组合型式,并探讨了其形成机制。由于7、8、9和10煤层及顶、底板岩层组合的差异,不同煤层构造变形有较大区别。由于海孜煤矿岩层和煤层经历了多次构造活动,断层和层滑构造间产生了不同的空间组合,具体表现为3种型式:断层与层滑构造的同期扩展、断层与层滑构造组成块体及断层与层滑构造间的相互切割和限制。煤层的构造组合型式在很大程度上取决于构造应力作用、含煤地层的岩石力学性质和应变环境等。     

Architecture of fault zones determined from outcrop, cores, 3-D seismic tomography and geostatistical modeling: example from the Albalá Granitic Pluton, SW Iberian Variscan Massif

The 3-D seismic tomographic data are used together with field, core and well log structural information to determine the detailed 3-D architecture of fault zones in a granitic massif of volume 500×575×168 m at Mina Ratones area in the Albalá Granitic Pluton. To facilitate the integration of the different data, geostatistical simulation algorithms are applied to interpolate the relatively sparse structural (hard) control data conditioned to abundant but indirect 3-D (soft) seismic tomographic data. To effectively integrate geologic and tomographic data, 3-D migration of the velocity model from the time domain into the depth domain was essential. The resulting 3-D model constitutes an image of the fault zone architecture within the granitic massif that honours hard and soft data and provides an evaluation of the spatial variability of structural heterogeneities based on the computation of 3-D experimental variograms of Fracture Index (fault intensity) data. This probabilistic quantitative 3-D model of spatially heterogeneous fault zones is suitable for subsequent fluid flow simulations. The modeled image of the 3-D fault distribution is consistent with the fault architecture in the Mina Ratones area, which basically consists of two families of subvertical structures with NNE–SSW and ENE–WSW trends that displaces the surfaces of low-angle faults (North Fault) and follows their seismically detected staircase geometry. These brittle structures cut two subvertical dykes (27 and 27′ Dykes) with a NNE–SSW to N–S trend. The faults present high FI (FI>12) adjacent bands of irregular geometry in detail that intersect in space delimiting rhombohedral blocks of relatively less fractured granite (FI<6). Both structural domains likely correspond with the protolith and the damaged zone/fault core in the widely accepted model for fault zone architecture. Therefore, the construction of 3-D grids of the FI in granitic areas affected by brittle tectonics permits the quantitative structural characterization of the rock massif.     

Microearthquakes and faulting in the southern Okinawa Trough

Southern Okinawa Trough represents an early stage of back-arc rifting and is characterized by normal faulting and microearthquakes. Earthquake distribution and deep structure of fault was investigated to clarify active rifting in the southern Okinawa Trough, where two parallel grabens are located. A network of ocean bottom seismometers (OBSs) that displayed the hypocenters of 105 earthquakes were observed for a period of 4 days in southern-graben (SG). Most of the microearthquakes occurred in a cluster about 7 km wide, which on a cross-section striking N45°E dips 48° to the southwest. Relocated hypocenters, which are recorded by a local seismic network, show scattered distribution around the southern-graben. There are no remarkable surface faults in the southern-graben. On the other hand, the recalculation of hypocenter locations of 1996 earthquakes swarm recorded by a local seismic network suggests that the swarm is associated with normal faulting on the southern side of northern-graben (NG). Thus, the undeveloped southern-graben is located to the south of the developed northern-graben. Southward migration of rifting, which may be caused by migration of volcanism, could thus be occurring in the southern Okinawa Trough. The extension rate computed for the southern Okinawa Trough from the fault model of the northern-graben is 4.6 cm/year, which is 59–102% of the extension rate (GPS measurements). This result indicates that the majority of extensional deformation is concentrated within the center of the northern-graben in the Okinawa Trough.     

Fault slip analysis of Quaternary faults in southeastern Korea

The Quaternary stress field has been reconstructed for southeast Korea using sets of fault data. The subhorizontal direction of the maximum principal stress (σ₁) trended ENE and the direction of the minimum principal stress (σ₃) was nearly vertical. The stress ratio (Φ = (σ₂ − σ₃) / (σ₁ − σ₃)) value was 0.65. Two possible interpretations for the stress field can be made in the framework of eastern Asian tectonics; (1) The σ_Hmax trajectory for southeast Korea fits well with the fan-shaped radial pattern of maximum principal stress induced by the India–Eurasia collision. Thus, we suggest that the main source for this recent stress field in southeast Korea is related to the remote India–Eurasia continental collision. (2) The stress field in Korea shows a pattern similar to that in southwestern Japan. The origin for the E–W trending σ_Hmax in Japan is known to be related to the mantle upwelling in the East China Sea. Thus, it is possible that Quaternary stress field in Korea has evolved synchronously with that in Japan. We suggest further studies (GPS and in situ stress measurement) to test these hypotheses.     

The effects of the North Anatolian Fault on the geomorphology in the Eastern Marmara Region,Northwestern Turkey

North-western Anatolia has been actively deformed since Pliocene by the right-lateral North Anatolian Fault (NAF). This transform fault, which has a transtensional character in its western end due to effects from the Aegean extensional system, is a major control on the regional geomorphologic evolution. This study applied some geomorphic analyses, such as stream longitudinal profiles, stream length-gradient index, ratio of valley floor width and valley height, mountain front sinuosity, hypsometry and asymmetry factor analyses, to an area just east of the Sea of Marmara in order to understand the tectonic effects on the area’s geomorphological evolution. The active and fastest northern branch of the NAF lies within a topographic depression connecting Sea of Marmara in the east to the Adapazar? Basin in the west. This depression filled with early Pleistocene and younger sediment after a series of pull-apart basins opened along the NAF. North of this depression lies the Kocaeli Peneplain, whose southern edge the NAF uplifted. Meandering streams on the central peneplain were incised possibly due to baselevel changes in the Black Sea. South of the depression, an E-trending mountainous area has a rugged morphology. Based on geomorphic analyses, uplifted Pliocene sediment, marine terraces, and recent earthquake activity, this area between northern and southern branches of the NAF is actively uplifting. The geomorphic indices used in this study are sensitive to vertical movements rather than lateral ones. The bedrock lithology that played an important role on the area’s geomorphologic evolution also affects the geomorphic indices used here.     

对安徽及邻区若干重要基础地质问题的认识

通过对覆盖大别山—张八岭地区及皖南山区1∶5万地质填图所获重要进展分析的基础上 ,结合专题调研 ,就秦岭—大别山—苏鲁造山带的形成演化及对地球动力学思考 ,郯庐断裂带的性质及其形成演化对中国东部构造格局的影响 ,海州群—宿松群—红安群的解体、层序、时代及其构造意义 ,中国东南构造格局与地壳增生演化及其对成岩、成矿作用控制等重要基础地质问题提出了一些看法     

滇东老厂地区地热水成因：来自水化学和碳氢氧硫同位素的约束

滇东弥勒-师宗断裂带地热资源丰富,但是由于研究程度较低,成因机制不明,制约了区内地热资源的可持续开发利用。本文以弥勒-师宗断裂带北段老厂地区天然温泉水和地热钻孔水为研究对象,综合应用野外调查、水文地球化学和环境同位素方法,对区内地热水的地球化学特征和成因机制进行了研究。结果显示,区内地热水pH值介于7.30～8.12之间,TDS在224～382 mg/L之间,属于弱碱性淡水。地热水水化学类型为HCO₃·SO₄-Ca型和HCO₃·SO₄-Ca·Na型,且含有较高含量的Fe、As、Sb等微量组分,不宜饮用。地热水中HCO₃⁻的δ¹³C值为−3.31‰～−7.79‰,计算得出参与水岩作用的CO₂的δ¹³C值为−9.50‰～−15.68‰,具有明显的沉积有机质来源特征。离子比值分析及硫同位素特征表明碳酸盐岩矿物和石膏的溶解是区内地热水主要离子来源的控制因素,此外赋存于浅部断裂带内的硫化物矿体氧化以及阳离子交换作用对地热水水化学组分产生了一定的影响。氢氧同位素特征及¹⁴C测年结果表明区内地热水的补给来源为晚更新世时期温度较低的大气降水,补给高程为1984.9～2283.9 m,补给区位于研究区周边的山区。硅焓方程计算的冷水混合比例为71.9%～82.4%,综合硅焓方程计算的热储温度和校正后的石英地热温标计算的热储温度,认为区内地热水的热储温度为87.5～135.7℃,地热水循环深度为1538.0～2502.0 m。研究结果有助于提升滇东弥勒-师宗低温热水带地热水成因研究水平,为区内地热资源的合理开发及保护提供理论支撑。