Analysis of urban built-up areas and surface urban heat island using downscaled MODIS derived land surface temperature data

Regional scale urban built-up areas and surface urban heat islands (SUHI) are important for urban planning and policy formation. Owing to coarse spatial resolution (1000 m), it is difficult to use Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) Land surface temperature (LST) products for mapping urban areas and visualization, and SUHI-related studies. To overcome this problem, the present study downscaled MODIS (1000 m resolution)-derived LST to 250 m resolution to map and visualize the urban areas and identify the basic components of SUHI over 12 districts of Punjab, India. The results are compared through visual interpretation and statistical procedure based on similarity analysis. The increased entropy value in the downscaled LST signifies higher information content. The temperature variation within the built-up and its environs is due to difference in land use and is depicted better in the downscaled LST. The SUHI intensity analysis of four cities (Ludhiana, Patiala, Moga and Vatinda) indicates that mean temperature in urban built-up core is higher (38.87 °C) as compared to suburban (35.85 °C) and rural (32.41 °C) areas. The downscaling techniques demonstrated in this paper enhance the usage of open-source wide swath MODIS LST for continuous monitoring of SUHI and urban area mapping, visualisation and analysis at regional scale. Such initiatives are useful for the scientific community and the decision-makers.     

Applying VGI to collaborative research in the humanities: the case of ARTL@S

ABSTRACT

Using Artl@s as an example of a project that relies on volunteered geographic information (VGI), this article examines the specific challenges that exist, beyond those frequently discussed in general VGI systems (e.g., participants’ motivation and data quality control) in regard to sharing research data in humanities: (1) most data from the humanities is qualitative and collected from multiple data sources which are often inconsistent and unmappable; (2) data is usually interconnected with multiple relationships among different tables which creates challenges for both mapping and query functionality; (3) data is both geographical and historical. Consequently addresses that no longer exist have to be geolocated and visualized on historical basemaps and spaces must be represented diachronically; (4) the design of web map application needs to balance both sophisticated research requirements and a user-friendly interface; (5) finally contributors expect their data to be cited or acknowledged when used in other studies and users need metadata and citation information in order to reuse and repurpose datasets.

In this article, we discuss how Artl@s, a project which developed a georeferenced historical database of exhibition catalogues, addresses these challenges. Artl@s provides a case study for VGI adoption by digital humanities scholars for research data sharing, as it offers features, such as flexible batch data contribution, interrelated spatial query, automatic geolocalization of historical addresses, and data citation mechanisms.     

Engaging indigenous people as geo-crowdsourcing sensors for ecotourism mapping via mobile data collection: a case study of the Royal Belum State Park

ABSTRACT

Web 2.0 and the proliferation of built-in Global Positioning System (GPS) on smartphones have influenced the increase of geo-crowdsourcing activities in a number of different contexts. The aim of this paper is to evaluate the performance of indigenous people’s use of mobile collection applications that are embedded in a smartphone to facilitate ecotourism asset mapping. In order to achieve this, field usability testing was conducted where structured observational method was used to assess the performance. The findings indicate majority of them can complete the data entry tasks using mobile data collection. The performance of data entries using radio button, icons, camera and audio methods were identified as better than free text and drop-down list methods. There was a correlation between the level of education with the ability of using radio button, drop-down list and image icon as data entry methods. The paper also discusses the extent of local knowledge relating to ecotourism within the community. The findings should be useful in the understanding of the design of mobile geo-crowdsourcing tools for use within other contexts that focus on data collection by semiliterate and indigenous groups.     

New urban map of Eurasia using MODIS and multi-source geospatial data

Urban areas are of paramount significance to both the individuals and communities at local and regional scales. However, the rapid growth of urban areas exerts effects on climate, biodiversity, hydrology, and natural ecosystems worldwide. Therefore, regular and up-to-date information related to urban extent is necessary to monitor the impacts of urban areas at local, regional, and potentially global scales. This study presents a new urban map of Eurasia at 500 m resolution using multi-source geospatial data, including Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer (MODIS) data of 2013, population density of 2012, the Defense Meteorological Satellite Program’s Operational Linescan System (DMSP-OLS) nighttime lights of 2012, and constructed Impervious Surface Area (ISA) data of 2010. The Eurasian urban map was created using the threshold method for these data, combined with references of fine resolution Landsat and Google Earth imagery. The resultant map was compared with nine global urban maps and was validated using random sampling method. Results of the accuracy assessment showed high overall accuracy of the new urban map of 94%. This urban map is one product of the 20 land cover classes of the next version of Global Land Cover by National Mapping Organizations.     

不动产测绘关键技术初探

针对我国不动产统一登记工作对不动产测绘提出新的要求,为从技术上推进不动产统一登记工作、完善不动产测绘体系建设,该文对不动产测绘关键技术进行了初探。应用文献分析法、比较分析法,归纳并总结了不动产测绘的关键技术,指出不动产测绘关键技术主要包括数据标准、支撑技术和平台建设3方面,并提出统一数据分类体系、统一数据表达模式、统一空间基准、统一获取技术方法、统一管理平台的"五统一"技术方案。"五统一"技术方案可实现不动产测绘在空间基准,数据采集、转换、整合处理,质检,成果集成和展示等阶段的统一,促使不动产测绘清晰化、标准化、系统化,有助于提升不动产测绘体系的理论建设。     

Mapping and assessing crop diversity in the irrigated Fergana Valley,Uzbekistan

Crop diversity (e.g. the number of agricultural crop types and the level of evenness in area distribution) in the agricultural systems of arid Central Asia has recently been increased mainly to achieve food security of the rural population, however, not throughout the irrigation system. Site-specific factors that promote or hamper crop diversification after the dissolvent of the Soviet Union have hardly been assessed yet. While tapping the potential of remote sensing, the objective was to map and explain spatial patterns of current crop diversity by the example of the irrigated agricultural landscapes of the Fergana Valley, Uzbekistan. Multi-temporal Landsat and RapidEye satellite data formed the basis for creating annual and multi-annual crop maps for 2010–2012 while using supervised classifications. Applying the Simpson index of diversity (SID) to circular buffers with radii of 1.5 and 5 km elucidated the spatial distribution of crop diversity at both the local and landscape spatial scales. A variable importance analysis, rooted in the conditional forest algorithm, investigated potential environmental and socio-economic drivers of the spatial patterns of crop diversity. Overall accuracy of the annual crop maps ranged from 0.84 to 0.86 whilst the SID varied between 0.1 and 0.85. The findings confirmed the existence of areas under monocultures as well as of crop diverse patches. Higher crop diversity occurred in the more distal parts of the irrigation system and sparsely settled areas, especially due to orchards. In contrast, in water-secure and densely settled areas, cotton-wheat rotations dominated due to the state interventions in crop cultivation. Distances to irrigation infrastructure, settlements and the road network influenced crop diversity the most. Spatial explicit information on crop diversity per se has the potential to support policymaking and spatial planning towards crop diversification. Driver analysis as exemplified at the study region in Uzbekistan can help reaching the declared policy to increase crop diversity throughout the country and even beyond.     

广州市零售商业中心的居民消费时空行为及其机制

居民消费行为的空间选择及其影响因素是地理学的重点关注领域,已有研究对行为中时间选择、时空关系及内在机制的研究相对缺乏。为揭示居民消费时空行为形成的影响因素以及各因素内在相互作用机制,基于2016年广州城市居民消费行为调查数据,分析消费者到大型商业中心内消费的时空特征,构建结构方程模型,探讨消费时空行为影响因素和作用机制。研究表明：居民在商业中心的消费行为存在明显的时空差异。在影响路径方面,消费者社会经济属性通过影响消费偏好导致消费时空行为的差异,商业空间属性既可以直接影响消费时空行为,也可以通过影响消费偏好而间接对其施加影响,消费偏好既可以直接影响消费时空行为,又是消费者社会经济属性和商业空间属性影响消费时空行为的中间变量。在显著性因素方面,年龄、家庭结构、在广州居住时间、就业状况、家庭月收入等消费者社会经济属性变量会显著影响消费时空行为,各个商业空间属性变量都在不同程度上影响消费行为在时间和空间上的差异,仅有出行交通方式、出行花费时间2个消费偏好变量会显著影响消费者消费时空间行为。本文结论可以加深对商业中心内消费时空行为影响因素及其作用机制的理解,并为商业网点规划调整、商业中心转型升级提供建议。     

都市区空间结构与经济发展的互动关系研究

文章采用结构方程模型实证检验空间结构与经济发展的互动关系。研究发现,中国都市区已经进入多中心分散阶段,空间结构与经济发展存在因果关系,即经济发展水平的提高会扩大人口规模,规模增加则导致集聚不经济上升,并促进空间结构多中心化。多中心化后的空间结构由于降低了集聚不经济而进一步提高生产率。因而,传统地理学中关于两者互动发展的描述得到实证支持;同时明确了多中心化的直接动力是人口规模的增加,而不是经济发展水平的提高。这些发现对于优化当前中国的城市与区域空间战略具有重要的启示。     

跨区域线性文化遗产类旅游资源价值评价——以长安-天山廊道路网中国段为例

跨区域线性文化遗产是一类特殊的旅游资源。基于其特殊性,以其各遗产点的价值评价作为整个遗产的价值评价;借助层次分析法、菲什拜因-罗森伯格模型,通过设定评分标准与评价等级,构建跨区域线性文化遗产旅游资源价值评价模型;实证分析认为提出的方法与模型能较准确地评价资源价值,长安-天山廊道路网中国段各遗产点价值均在优良等级及以上,其中27.3%为五级（特品级）资源,59.1%为四级资源,13.6%为三级资源,在旅游开发中应采取领先开发或重点开发、分区开发及加强遗产点历史文化挖掘与宣传普及等策略。     

江苏省银行网点分布格局及其影响因素研究

以江苏省为研究对象,基于网络平台的银行网点地理数据,运用最近邻指数、Ripley’s K函数以及多元线性回归等分析方法,分别对五大商业银行、农业金融机构、中小商业银行、江苏地方银行以及外资银行的空间分布特征进行探讨,并揭示不同类型银行网点区位选择的影响因素。研究结果：整体上,江苏省银行网点空间偏向分布差异明显“南多北少”,空间集聚特征显著“城区密集分布和外围分散分布”;不同类型银行由于功能和市场定位的不同,除在城区密集分布的共性外,在城市外围区域的分布密度和服务范围存在较大差异。城市建成区面积、人口规模、人均地区生产总值、规模以上工业企业数量、城镇化率、二三产业产值比重是影响银行网点区位选择的主要因素,但对不同类型银行网点分布的影响程度不同。五大商业银行网点分布倾向于人口规模大、城镇化率高的城市,农业金融机构网点更依赖于农业人口因素,中小商业银行网点偏爱二三产业发达的区域,规模以上工业企业数量对江苏地方银行网点的布局具有显著影响,外资银行主要分布在对外开放程度高和国外资本输入较多的城市。城市行政级别和城市性质等制度因素对农业金融机构、外资银行网点区位选择的影响作用较强。