The Mathematic Models of the Kalman Filtering for Across-Fault Measurement

This paper makes a probe into the application of the Kalman filtering method to the data processing of across-fault measurements.On the basis of statistical regression,the mathematic and stochastic models of filtration are established by combining the regression method with Kalman filtering.In the filtering computation,not only the randomness of fault movements but also the time-dependent variation of environmental effects have been taken into consideration.By use of the adaptive filtering method,an estimation of the dynamic noise variance matrix is obtained through iteration.Models for one measuring line(leveling line or baseline),two measuring lines(both leveling lines or both baselines)and four measuring lines(two leveling lines and two baselines)are derived and established systematically.By means of these models,the data of across-fault measurements can be processed dynamically in real-time to provide the filtered values of height difference between benchmarks or baseline length at different time in     

应用单台垂向记录进行区域地震事件实时检测和直达犘波初动自动识别

提出一种基于直达P波信号和其它背景噪声在能量、非高斯性、非线性和偏振特性的不同而进行区域地震事件实时检测的新方法信噪综合差异特征量方法（简写为EFGLP方法）,同时对比分析了应用信号的不同统计特性来精细识别震相初至的３种有效方法,其中的TOC AIC方法是新提出的．应用山东数字地震波资料处理的结果表明：①与常规的STA/LTA地震事件触发算法相比,EFGLP方法能够有效降低地震事件的错误报警率和漏报率;②与人机交互震相识别结果相比,当信噪比比较低、震相初至比较模糊时,3种震相精细识别方法中的TOC-AIC方法识别精度最高;当信噪比比较高、震相初至比较清晰时,基于VAR-AIC 和TOC-AIC方法所测量得到的震相初至识别基本一致．     

Ground‐shaking mapping for a scenario earthquake considering effects of geological conditions: a case study for the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu,Japan earthquake

In order to examine the applicability of ground‐shaking mapping techniques to a near‐field earthquake, a peak ground velocity map of the 1995 Hyogo‐ken Nanbu, Japan earthquake computed from seismic zoning methods that consider the effects of geological conditions is compared with the actual observed intensity map. When computing the ground‐shaking map, the site amplification at each site is calculated in terms of the average shear‐wave velocity of the ground estimated from the corresponding geomorphological conditions. This map shows a relatively good agreement with the observed intensity map. However, the computations provide smaller values for certain disastrous areas of the earthquake, where the effects on ground motion of a deep, irregular underground structure have been reported. The effect of such structures on site response is examined implementing 2D FEM analyses, thereby being also incorporated into the method. Results considering the effect of the irregular underground structure show better agreement with the observed intensity map. Copyright © 2002 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

围压-孔压改变条件下致密砂岩及泥页岩泊松比变化特征及机制

在围压(外压)或孔压(内压)发生变化的条件下,致密砂岩及泥页岩泊松比的变化特征及机制仍有待厘清.本研究从Terzaghi有效应力理论和国内学者提出的新有效应力概念出发,基于松辽盆地高台子组致密砂岩、青山口组泥页岩三向动、静态泊松比测定结果,剖析了两类岩石泊松比的变化特征及机制.岩石样品三向泊松比变化曲线的分布呈现显著的...     

Modeling nonlinear wave–wave interactions with the elliptic mild slope equation

An approach is developed to simulate wave–wave interactions using nonlinear elliptic mild-slope equation in domains where wave reflection, refraction, diffraction and breaking effects must also be considered. This involves the construction of an efficient solution procedure including effective boundary treatment, modification of the nonlinear equation to resolve convergence issues, and validation of the overall approach. For solving the second-order boundary-value problem, the Alternating Direction Implicit (ADI) scheme is employed, and the use of approximate boundary conditions is supplemented, for improved accuracy, with internal wave generation method and dissipative sponge layers. The performance of the nonlinear model is investigated for a range of practical wave conditions involving reflection, diffraction and shoaling in the presence of nonlinear wave–wave interactions. In addition, the transformation of a wave spectrum due to nonlinear shoaling and breaking, and nonlinear resonance inside a rectangular harbor are simulated. Numerical calculations are compared with the results from other relevant nonlinear models and experimental data available in literature. Results show that the approach developed here performs reasonably well, and has thus improved the applicability of this class of wave transformation models.     

Regional‐scale mapping of groundwater discharge zones using thermal satellite imagery

Mapping groundwater discharge zones at broad spatial scales remains a challenge, particularly in data sparse regions. We applied a regional scale mapping approach based on thermal remote sensing to map discharge zones in a complex watershed with a broad diversity of geological materials, land cover and topographic variation situated within the Prairie Parkland of northern Alberta, Canada. We acquired winter thermal imagery from the USGS Landsat archive to demonstrate the utility of this data source for applications that can complement both scientific and management programs. We showed that the thermally determined potential discharge areas were corroborated with hydrological (spring locations) and chemical (conservative tracers of groundwater) data. This study demonstrates how thermal remote sensing can form part of a comprehensive mapping framework to investigate groundwater resources over broad spatial scales. Copyright © 2013 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

应用等效纬度-海拔模型进行地温及多年冻土制图

This research presents a method for permafrost mapping in discontinuous permafrost regions based on equivalent latitude/elevation concept in interior Alaska. In winter months, study site has a strong temperature inversion in air up to 700 m elevation. Air temperature data and the effects of slope, aspect and elevation were used to create an equivalent latitude/elevation model. This model was well correlated with mean annual surface temperature (0.79). In this watershed, the thawing index (It≈1 400 ℃*days) at the ground surface and snow depth do not vary greatly from south facing to north facing slopes. The primary controlled factor that determines the mean annual surface temperature was the winter surface temperature. The permafrost stability is effectively controlled by the freezing index. We determined 37.5% of Caribou-Poker Creeks Research Watershed has unstable or thawing permafrost. At least 2.1% of the permafrost in this watershed may have disappeared in the last 90 years due to climate warming. This method makes it possible to evaluate the permafrost stability in the present, past and future.     

矿物学填图揭示金矿脉的隐蔽分带性：以玲珑金矿52号脉为例

胶东许多金矿脉的矿物组合很简单,几乎全是石英、黄铁矿,难于进行分带性研究。通过对玲珑金矿52号脉的矿物学填图研究,发现该矿脉从上向下,黄铁矿的晶体形态{111}减少而{210}增加,+α值减小,P导型减少而N导型增加;石英的热发光强度增大。这些物性参数在矿脉空间的规律性变化,揭示了外观很单一的矿脉内部隐蔽着的空间分带性,并发现与金矿化强度有密切关系。研究结果还表明,52号脉在海拔+170m以上主要为上部矿体特征,受剥蚀程度不大,深部远景还大;成矿热液近于直立运移并具有水平方向的等距波动性;预测三个区段深部应保持良好矿化。以后的钻探工程证实了预测。     

1∶500,1∶1000,1∶2000系列数字化测绘产品的精度目标与实现

1∶500,1∶1000,1∶2000系列数字化测绘产品按其生产工艺和用途的不同其精度规格也不尽相同,但产品的精度状况始终是测绘生产部门与用户所关心的问题。本文列举了现行有关规范的相关精度指标、规格,并结合产品的用途、特点和测绘生产的实际,简要阐述精度目标的控制与实现过程,对测绘实际工作有一定的参考价值。     

浅谈西部测图工程野外测绘工作如何进行有效管理

阐述了在西部测图工程中,结合两年的野外测绘生产实践,总结出一套完整的西部测图工程野外测绘工作的有效管理模式,为西部测图的顺利实施提供可靠保障,使西部测图工程野外测绘工作的管理更加科学和高效.