珠江三角洲新石器考古文化与古地理环境

珠江三角洲新石器时期的贝丘和沙丘类文化属沿海渔业文化带，其产生和发展与全新的世海面及海陆变迁密切相关。贝丘和沙丘类古文化是随６０００ａＢＰ以前的海侵而产生的；其文化的发展和盛衰过程，在时间和空间上与珠江三角洲海陆环境演变序列都十分吻合。     

淮河中游新石器时代遗址出土石器的演变所反映的人地关系——以双墩和尉迟寺遗址为例

本文以淮河中游新石器早期的双墩遗址和中晚期的尉迟寺遗址的出土石器为主线,辅以其他遗存和遗址地层剖面的环境磁学、元素地球化学证据,探讨了石器工具的演变所反映的人地关系。研究表明:双墩古人最主要的生产活动是砍伐树木和狩猎,而尉迟寺则是谷物生产和狩猎。双墩古人使用投掷和其他多种狩猎方式,在猎物充足的全新世大暖期获取了大量的肉食资源。尉迟寺时期狩猎水平虽有所提高,但剧烈波动的气候和迅速增加的人口,使猎获量下降。双墩时期人们砍伐的树木较为细小,木料之间的结合以捆绑为主。而尉迟寺时期人们砍伐的树木比较粗大,木器和房屋已使用卯榫结构。双墩时期已有了水稻种植,但采集农业占有较大比重。尉迟寺时期的农业以种植为主,采集农业为有益的补充,该时期的出土石器和农业类型与环境演变有明显的相关性。     

距今五千年左右环境恶化事件对我国新石器文化的影响及其原因的初步探讨

距今五千年左右全球普遍存在一次变化幅度较大的突发性环境恶化事件 ,此事件导致各地生态环境发生了较大的变化 ,与此同时的我国新石器文化表现为衰退和在某些地点的中断。气候环境变化是该时段影响人类文化发展变化的主要因素。环境变化对史前文化影响的可能原因是 :气候变化导致生态环境变化 ,生态环境变化导致直接影响人类生存的生物营养源的变化 ,进而导致史前文化的变化。     

长江中游新石器时代遗址规模的分布特征

运用ArcGIS软件建立了长江中游地区9.0~4.0 ka BP文化遗址的空间数据库,采用叠加分析和统计学方法,对文化遗址的规模、海拔分布、坡度、距河流远近等特征进行了系统分析。结果表明：① 由新石器时代早期到晚期,遗址的数量、规模和分布范围等均呈现增长或扩大趋势,叠置型遗址个数增加;② 遗址一般具有低海拔、平缓地形和距河流较近的选址倾向,晚期的文化遗址大体保持该倾向,但对海拔、坡度及距河流远近等的选择开始出现分化。③ 新石器时代晚期不同规模的文化遗址在选址上存在一定分异。小型遗址多分布在坡度为6°~15°的缓坡地,中型及以上规模的遗址更倾向于坡度为2°~6°平缓地;中小型至大型遗址的海拔分布均以30~50 m为主,特大型遗址的海拔分布以50~100 m为主;特大型遗址在距河流1000 m以内的分布比例高于其他规模遗址;④ 新石器文化在早中期受气候、水源、地形等自然环境因素影响较大,晚期文化的适应能力有所增强。     

Mid-Holocene coastal hydrology and salinity changes in the east Taihu area of the lower Yangtze wetlands, China

During the mid-Holocene the eastern Taihu area, on China's Yangtze delta plain, was populated by advanced late Neolithic cultures supported by intensive domesticated rice cultivation. This agricultural system collapsed around 4200 cal yr BP, with severe population decline, the end of the Liangzhu culture, and about half a millennium of very low-scale human activity in the area before the re-establishment of agricultural production. Microfossil analyses from six sedimentary sequences, supported by AMS ¹⁴C dating, has allowed reconstruction of mid-Holocene hydrological conditions and salinity changes which would have had a major influence on agricultural viability and cultural history in the coastal wetlands. These data, allied to existing stratigraphic and sea-level records, show that chenier ridges that developed after ca. 7000 cal yr BP in the east of the area sheltered it from marine inundation and, although still connected to the sea through tidal creeks, low-salinity conditions persisted throughout the Neolithic period. There is no evidence that marine flooding caused the collapse of Liangzhu culture. Marine influence was stable and evolved slowly. Social and cultural causes may also have been important, but if environmental change triggered the collapse of Neolithic agricultural society here, other natural forces must be sought to explain this event.     

沙颍河平原新石器时代晚期生业经济研究——以河南省漯河土城王遗址出土动物遗存为例

沙颍河平原地处中原地区东南外围,是连接中原与淮河流域的重要区域,为了更好地认识中原地区内部生业经济的发展状况,本研究对河南省漯河市土城王遗址（33°40'08.86″N,114°04'50.19″E）出土的一批新石器时代晚期（距今5600~4300年）的动物遗存进行了系统的整理和分析。研究结果表明,饲养家猪（猪的NISP和MNI占比分别为26.37%和32.1%,肉食贡献占比57.1%）和狩猎鹿科动物（大、中、小型鹿的总NISP和MNI占比分别为62.66%和40.8%,肉食贡献占比31.8%）是土城王遗址先民获取肉食资源的主要方式;鹿科动物同时也是制作工具的主要原料。与中原地区其他区域相比,沙颍河平原新石器时代晚期（距今5600~4300年）生业经济形态呈现出明显的混合性特征。一方面,动物资源获取与利用模式接近环境背景更为相似的淮河中游地区,而与中原地区其他区域差异明显,具体表现在渔猎活动占据十分重要的地位,家猪以散养为主,饲养水平尚处于初级阶段,可能与其所处冲积平原水系发达、湿地密布、野生动物资源丰富的环境背景密切相关,是当地先民因地制宜的能动选择;另一方面,农业模式是旱地作物占主导的稻旱混作,整体上与中原地区其他区域一致,可能是受到仰韶文化圈的影响。该研究弥补了沙颍河平原地区新石器时代晚期动物资源获取与利用研究的材料不足,突出了当地生业经济的特殊性和中原地区内部生业经济的多样性,为深化理解人类社会生业与文化、环境之间的复杂联系提供了新的重要例证。

     

Archaeometric characterisation and origin of black coatings on prehistoric pottery

Black or dark grey vessel surfaces with characteristic metallic lustre are recognised from various archaeological contexts throughout Europe. This feature is commonly attributed to the application of graphite-bearing coatings onto ceramic vessels. However, recent experimental studies have shown that a very similar visual effect can alternatively be achieved by polishing and, subsequently, firing in a reducing atmosphere (so-called smudging). In this study, experimentally manufactured ceramics as well as samples of prehistoric ware (dated to the Neolithic Age, late Bronze Age and early Iron Age) have been analysed to find the distinguishing features between graphite-based and non-mineral black coatings. In the low-magnification BSE images the well-preserved graphite-coated surfaces are characterized by a distinctive spotty pattern with numerous dark grey angular fragments of monomineralic or nearly monomineralic metamorphic rocks scattered in the clay groundmass. Provided that polished thin sections are skilfully prepared, individual graphite plates can be easily recognized in the near-surface layer of the sherds using polarized reflected light microscopy. A relatively homogeneous appearance is typical of the low-magnification BSE images of surfaces coated by smudging. At higher magnifications, presence of blurred darkish stains (presumably organic-derived, as indicated by elevated levels of biogenic elements) is characteristic of this kind of non-mineral black coatings. SEM-EDS and optical microscopy have been supplemented by micro-Raman spectroscopy, which allows differentiation between various carbonaceous phases.     

太湖流域地貌与环境变迁对新石器文化传承的影响

太湖流域新石器新石器文化是连续发展的一个完整体系。高亢地带利于古文化的连续发展,而地貌和环境演化使得古文化遗址的迁移性不同,遗址往往从地势低洼处就近向高爽处迁移。水位降低、水域面积缩小时,遗址从高向低处迁移。当气候温干,地势高爽时,古人类活动频繁,文化发展。而气候温湿,水域面积扩大时,文化遗址迁移频繁,文化层堆积较薄。     

Impact of Holocene environmental change on temporal-spatial distribution of Neolithic sites in Huaihe River Basin, Anhui Province

The Huaihe River basin of Anhui is not only a transitional zone of physical geography, but also a convergent area of many cultures in China. It is one of the sensitive ecotones to global changes and the birthplace of Chinese civilization. Using the field archaeological data and the sporo-pollens and the age data of the drilling cores, we analysed Neolithic cultural development and environmental evolution in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. According to the combination of some research results in archaeology with environmental evolution research, this paper discusses the relationship between culture and environment in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui. The Neolithic cultural development was strongly impacted by the environmental change. The primitive culture (Shishanzi) was developed in the beginning of the Holocene Megathermal Period with distinct regional feature of the culture. From 6.5 kaBP to 5.5 kaBP, the climate changed warmer and wetter. The frequent occurrence of flood and waterlog due to such a climate regime and high sea level caused the earth’s surface environment deteriorated in the Huaihe River basin of Anhui and the interruption of the Neolithic cultural development, hence a lack of archaeological sites. From 5.5 kaBP to 4.0 kaBP, the climate changed from wet to dry, the natural environment was propitious to human survival. Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture flourished in this period. The Neolithic cultural development, the number of the sites and their distribution characteristics of the sites in the study area differed apparently from those in Central China and Shandong Province.     

中原新石器文化与古气候的关系

讨论了中原新石器时代文化遗址＾１４Ｃ年代序列的代表性;分析了新石器古文化与古气候描淡写焦;根据陕西扶风案板遗址（傍龙寺）的孢粉资料,结合冰川前进、冰缘现象等因素,重建了代表中原地区的１２￣３ｋａＢ．Ｐ．的古年均气温和古年降水量曲线;