Uncertainty assessment of ephemeral gully identification,characteristics and topographic threshold when using aerial photographs in agricultural settings

Manual digitizing on aerial photographs is still commonly used for characterizing gully erosion over large areas. Even when automated detection procedures are implemented, manual digitizing is frequently being resorted to in order to constitute reference datasets used for training and validation. In both cases, manual digitizing entails some subjective decisions on behalf of the operator, which introduces uncertainty into the resulting datasets. To assess the magnitude of this uncertainty, 11 experienced operators were asked to digitize and classify ephemeral gullies (EGs) on cropland following a standardized methodology. The resulting 11 datasets were compared in terms of number, type and location of EGs. Furthermore, for EGs located on a well‐defined runoff flow concentration axis, the slope versus contributing area topographic thresholds required for initiating gully channels were assessed using four thresholding methods, and compared across the 11 datasets. The operators identified 259 different EGs. However, the number (52–139) and sum total length (8.9–23.7 km) of EGs varied widely across operators. Only 34% of the EGs were digitized by more than half of the operators, and 7% were identified by all. Identification of EGs located on a well‐defined flow concentration axis proved least subjective. The longer the EG and the more fields the EG crossed, the larger the number of operators that were able to identify it. EGs were also most easily identified when located in sugar beet fields as compared to other crops. EG classification and topographic threshold lines were also found to be strongly operator‐dependent. Quantile regression appeared to be one of the most robust thresholding methods. Operator subjectivity when digitizing EGs on orthophotographs introduces uncertainty that should be taken into account in future remote sensing‐based studies of EG erosion whenever they rely, in part or in full, on manual photograph interpretation. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

考虑发育薄弱区对管涌发展影响的数学模型研究

为了揭示发育薄弱区对管涌发展的影响机制,进行了管涌砂槽模型试验和颗粒流数值模拟,建立了3组模型,以研究孔隙通道的空间发育对颗粒运移过程的影响,分析了土体内部细颗粒运移引起管涌破坏的动态过程。根据数值模拟结果,分析了管涌发展过程中试样细观及流体的变化规律,并与砂槽模型试验结果进行了比较,模拟与模型试验结果较吻合。结果表明,薄弱区越发育,压力分布调整的趋势越强,颗粒运移的趋势相应增加,达到破坏需要的时间越短。数值模拟获得的临界水力梯度与室内试验以及理论分析结果均比较接近,证明了采用颗粒流程序研究管涌问题是合理的,对研究存在薄弱区的砂土管涌现象具有明显的优势和广阔的应用前景。所揭示的结果有益于管涌机制的更深入研究。     

含双裂隙岩石裂纹演化机理的离散元数值分析

采用离散单元法探讨了预制双裂隙岩石的裂纹演化机理。用近期从试验资料提取的无胶结厚度含抗转动能力的岩石微观力学模型和相应的离散单元法商业软件,模拟了含不同预制倾角的双裂隙岩石试样在单轴压缩作用下裂纹的扩展与贯通规律,揭示了裂纹演化的宏微观机理。同时,将离散元法DEM岩石试样的裂纹的扩展和贯通规律以及强度特性与室内试验结果进行了比较分析。结果表明,预制裂隙之间以及端点处的拉应力集中是导致裂隙岩石破坏的主要原因,且DEM数值试验得到裂纹的演化规律与室内试验结果较为一致。含30°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最容易起裂,含75°的预制裂隙的岩石试样最困难起裂,造成此种现象的原因可能是裂纹在垂直于主应力方向上的长度不同导致试样受拉区域大小不同。     

由温度时序资料反演地下水流速的两种解析解及其比较

应用河床温度时序资料对地表水与地下水交换过程进行评价。首先假设半无限空间上部温度边界按正弦波动,由1D地下水渗流传热模型,得到采用温度衰减规律计算地下水流速的解析模型;典型的解析模型求解有Hatch解析解和Keery解析解, Hatch解考虑了热弥散效应所引入的误差,因此其计算精度优于Keery解。然后基于典型渗透性介质,通过算例讨论了解析模型的适用性和局限性。研究结果表明：只有研究区能简化为均质多孔介质、地下水的1D垂向运动占主导地位时,才能采用解析法确定地下水流速;采用常规的测点距离（1.0 m左右）,振幅比法能有效评价流速在(-1.0～8.0)×10^-5 m/s的地下水活动,而相位滞后法能有效评价流速在(0.0～1.6)×10^-4 m/s的地下水活动;采用温度时序资料解析模型计算地下水流速时,2个测点间必须存在振幅衰减或相位滞后,因此需要预估研究区地下水流速以便设置合理的测点间距。实例研究表明,该解析方法能够有效地评价地表水与地下水交换的时域特征。     

大气边界层动力学和植被生态过程耦合的一个简单解析理论

发展了一个大气边界层动力学和植被某些生态过程相互作用的简单模式,求得了这个耦合模式的解析解,分析了植被反照率和冠层阻抗(气孔阻力)对大气运动及植被温度的影响,这一相互作用的方式可为进一步发展大气运动和生态过程相互作用的、更复杂的数值模拟模式提供参考.     

寒区有隔热层的圆形隧道温度场解析解

在多年冻土地区修建隧道,会影响到多年冻土的热稳定性,目前一般采用在隧道衬砌中设置隔热层的方法来防止冻土嗣岩融化.根据隧道现场实测的气温资料,考虑正弦曲线规律变化的对流换热边界条件,建立了一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及围岩4层结构的圆形隧道热传导方程.运用微分方程求解方法和贝塞尔特征函数的正交和展开定理,对4个热传导方程进行了求解,得到隧道一次衬砌、隔热层、二次衬砌及同岩4层结构温度场的解析解,将计算结果与现场实测结果进行比较,吻合良好.计算结果还表明,在衬砌中铺设厚5 cm、导热系数为0.03 W·m-1·℃-1的隔热层可以保证风火山隧道围岩不发生季节性融化.该解析解可用于验证其它数值方法的计算结果,也便于工程设计人员和施工人员对同类寒区隧道进行温度场的计算,因而具有一定的工程应用价值.     

单元畸变对动力有限元方法计算精度的影响

在有限元分析中,由于求解区域或边界的不规则,有限单元的划分会产生畸变单元。本文通过数值试验分析了有限单元畸变对动力有限元计算精度的影响,结果表明:长宽比畸变对动力有限元计算精度没有影响;当斜交角不小于30°时,斜交角对动力有限元计算精度的影响可忽略;锥度对动力有限元计算精度有影响,锥度越大,锥度对动力有限元计算精度的影响越大。     

Evaluation of Bearing Capacity for Multi-Layered Clay Deposits with Geosynthetic Reinforcement using Discrete Element Method

A stability analysis of reinforced foundation soil is presented in this paper. A method based on the discrete element method (DEM) is suggested for calculating the bearing capacity on strip footings over multilayer soils reinforced with a horizontal layer of geosynthetics. The proposed method can estimate the ultimate bearing capacity and the distribution of tensile force developed in the geosynthetics of the footing system by Winkler springs to account for the compatibility between soil blocks and tensile elements to consider the tensile behavior between soil and geosynthetics. For footings on various multilayer soils with or without reinforcement of geosynthetics, the results of the method were compared to the field test results as well as to those obtained by various methods proposed by other researchers.     

基于离散裂隙网络模型的节理岩体渗透张量及特性分析

节理岩体几何结构非常复杂,研究其渗流特性对于指导含水岩层稳定性分析具有重要价值。应用离散裂隙网络模型DFN方法,基于VC++6.0软件平台,建立了平面渗流分析方法,分析了节理岩体不同几何分布情况下的渗透率张量特征,通过定义渗流定向性系数对岩体渗流的定向性特征进行了定量分析。结果表明：单组节理岩体渗流具有明显的各向异性特征,渗流定向性随着节理角度变化显著;节理随着节理贯通性增加,节理渗透率呈现对数增加趋势;两组节理情况下,各向异性特征随着节理组间夹角变化;两组节理岩体渗流特征研究中,正交分布下,岩体仍存在各向异性,但渗流定向性系数较低;当节理倾角服从正态分布时,随着节理倾角标准差增大,渗透率增加;两组节理夹角不同时,节理渗透主方向倾角随着夹角增大而相应增大,基本沿两组节理夹角方向的角平分线方向。     

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