土耳其-高加索-喜马拉雅一线白垩纪大洋红层对比

通过收集土耳其、高加索和特提斯喜马拉雅地区的白垩纪地层资料,着重对比研究上白垩统大洋红层的分布格局和沉积特征,为进一步进行全球大洋红层对比提供基础数据和资料。对比分析表明:它们具有环特提斯该时代近于同期地层的一般特征,其时代一般为Turonian Campanian期,在特提斯喜马拉雅地区跨度较大,为Albian Campanian期,岩性主体为灰岩,颜色与Fe2O3 的含量密切相关,富含浮游有孔虫及其组合,沉积速率低,沉积环境一般为半深海,沉积深度为500~1 000 m。     

东喜马拉雅构造结气候构造作用下热史演化的40Ar/39Ar年代学记录

以喜马拉雅山系为典型实例,究竟是气候作用还是构造作用引起山体隆升的问题已经成为地球系统科学研究中的重要前沿问题。无论是气候因素还是构造因素引起山体隆升,二者都与一个共同的地表过程——剥蚀作用相关,剥蚀作用对山体中地质体的影响可以用岩石矿物经历的热史演化来描述,所以,在造山作用研究中,山体或山脉的热史演化是揭开地质体经历地质过程、山体隆升研究的重要途径。利用河砂组成矿物来研究流域的地质过程和构造演化已经成为现代地质科学的重要手段。本文采集了雅鲁藏布江下游墨脱县以南约50 km处地东河段内的现代河砂,对其中的角闪石、白云母、黑云母及钾长石等四种矿物进行了高精度单颗粒激光⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年代学测试,并进行了概率统计。地东河段河砂中富钾矿物⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar年代学统计结果显示,大峡谷流域的热史演化可以确定有多个阶段,分别可以识别出70~69、61~60、43~42、35~34、26~25、25~23、22~20、20~18、17~14、12~11、8~6、5~4及<2Ma等13个热史演化阶段。通过将上述热史信息与印度大陆与欧亚大陆碰撞角度和碰撞速率变化曲线的对比,可以确定70~69、61~60、43~42、35~34、22~20和12~11Ma等6个阶段的年代学信息是两大陆碰撞角度和碰撞速率变化事件在东喜马拉雅构造结热史上的记录;通过与全球深海氧、碳同位素记录曲线的对比,可以认为26~25、25~23、17~14、8~6、5~4和<2Ma等6个阶段的年代学信息是气候变化在东喜马拉雅构造结热史上的记录。东喜马拉雅构造结地质体热史演化是构造与气候相互作用的结果。     

Early Ordovician (Floian) ostracods from the Cordillera Oriental,Northwest Argentina

The ostracod fauna from the Floian (Lower Ordovician) strata of the Cordillera Oriental, Argentina (Acoite Formation) are documented. One new genus Acoitella and four species are recognized, two of which are new (Nanopsis victoria sp. nov. and Conchoprimitia frequens sp. nov.). The diversity of the Early Ordovician ostracod faunas of the Central Andean Basin is evaluated. Compared with other regions, the ostracod diversity, at generic and specific level, of the Cordillera Oriental was comparatively high during the Tremadocian (nine species recorded) and comparatively low during the Floian (four species recorded). The taxonomic composition of the fauna is similar during the entire Early Ordovician of the Cordillera Oriental, where it displays a high percentage of soanellids. The Floian assemblages are characterized by the dominance of the eridostracan C. frequens sp. nov. with a high percentage of nondimorphic palaeocopids: Nanopsis and two genera of the Soanellidae family (Saltite and Acoitella gen nov.). An ostracod shell bed is described and interpreted to be a parautochthonous assemblage, as a result of transport within the same habitat. The composition of the fauna, with the presence of Saltite and Nanopsis, shows significant affinities with East Gondwana. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

The oldest record of Eothinoceratidae (Ellesmerocerida,Nautiloidea): Middle Tremadocian of the Cordillera Oriental,NW Argentina

Middle Tremadocian cephalopods from the Sierra de Mojotoro, Cordillera Oriental, NW Argentina, are assigned to Saloceras cf. sericeum (Salter) based on the siphuncle morphology and general shape of the conch. Saloceras sericeum (Salter) is known from the Upper Tremadocian and Floian of England and Wales, a region that formed part of eastern Avalonia during the Early Ordovician, located at a high southern latitude to the north of the Gondwanan margin. This is the oldest record of this genus and of the family Eothinoceratidae, and extends the geographical range of Saloceras, being the first positive record of its presence in Argentina and the Central Andean Basin. These remains are amongst the oldest cephalopods described from NW Argentina. They represent the third mid Tremadocian record of nautiloids at relatively high palaeolatitudes and away from the low latitude carbonate platform palaeoenvironments where the bulk of the earliest cephalopods resided. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

特提斯喜马拉雅带东段列麦白云母花岗岩年代学及成因

列麦白云母花岗岩位于特提斯喜马拉雅东段,侵位于雅拉香波穹窿边部早古生代浅变质岩中。为揭示其形成时代及成因,本文对其开展LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb年代学、Hf同位素及岩石地球化学研究。结果表明列麦白云母花岗岩具有高SiO_2(71.08%～71.49%)、Al_2O_3(15.55%～15.72%)和K_2O(4.32%～4.57%),高的A/CNK比值(1.17～1.21),低的CaO/Na_2O比值(0.22～0.28),属于高钾钙碱性过铝质花岗岩;富集Rb、Th和Hf,亏损Ba、Nb、Sr和Ti,稀土元素呈轻稀土(LREE)富集,重稀土(HREE)相对亏损的向右倾斜的配分模式(LREE/HREE=16.57～17.91),具有弱负Eu异常(δEu=0.78～0.79)。与二云母花岗岩比较,列麦白云母花岗岩具有较高的Rb含量(204.1×10~(-6)～293.8×10~(-6))、较低的Sr(134.6×10~(-6))及显著的重稀土分馏效应。锆石新生边年龄为48.5±1.1 Ma(MSWD=2.1),代表其结晶年龄,该年龄为目前报道的最早年龄,其初始Hf同位素组成ε_(Hf)(t)=-6.4～-2.3,显示物源为壳源性质,二阶段模式年龄介于731～839 Ma之间,表明成岩物质形成于新元古代;核部继承锆石年龄变化在135.7～3339.2 Ma之间,表明其源岩为早白垩世沉积岩,是在印度与欧亚大陆主碰撞阶段,陆-陆碰撞导致地壳缩短加压升温,引起早白垩世沉积岩部分熔融而形成的。     

Protracted thrusting followed by late rapid cooling of the Greater Himalayan Sequence,Annapurna Himalaya,Central Nepal: Insights from titanite petrochronology

The Greater Himalayan Sequence (GHS) has commonly been treated as a large coherently deforming high‐grade tectonic package, exhumed primarily by simultaneous thrust‐ and normal‐sense shearing on its bounding structures and erosion along its frontal exposure. A new paradigm, developed over the past decade, suggests that the GHS is not a single high‐grade lithotectonic unit, but consists of in‐sequence thrust sheets. In this study, we examine this concept in central Nepal by integrating temperature–time (T–t) paths, based on coupled Zr‐in‐titanite thermometry and U–Pb geochronology for upper GHS calcsilicates, with traditional thermobarometry, textural relationships and field mapping. Peak Zr‐in‐titanite temperatures are 760–850°C at 10–13 kbar, and U–Pb ages of titanite range from c. 30 to c. 15 Ma. Sector zoning of Zr and distribution of U–Pb ages within titanite suggest that diffusion rates of Zr and Pb are slower than experimentally determined rates, and these systems remain unaffected into the lower granulite facies. Two types of T–t paths occur across the Chame Shear Zone (CSZ). Between c. 25 and 17–16 Ma, hangingwall rocks cool at rates of 1–10°C/Ma, while footwall rocks heat at rates of 1–10°C/Ma. Over the same interval, temperatures increase structurally upwards through the hangingwall, but by 17–16 Ma temperatures converge. In contrast, temperatures decrease upwards in footwall rocks at all times. While the footwall is interpreted as an intact, structurally upright section, the thermometric inversion within the hangingwall suggests thrusting of hotter rocks over colder from c. 25 to c. 17–16 Ma. Retrograde hydration that is restricted to the hangingwall, and a lithological repetition of orthogneiss are consistent with thrust‐sense shear on the CSZ. The CSZ is structurally higher than previously identified intra‐GHS thrusts in central Nepal, and thrusting duration was 3–6 Ma longer than proposed for other intra‐GHS thrusts in this region. Cooling rates for both the hangingwall and footwall of the CSZ are comparable to or faster than rates for other intra‐GHS thrust sheets in Nepal. The overlap in high‐T titanite U–Pb ages and previously published muscovite ⁴⁰Ar/³⁹Ar cooling ages imply cooling rates for the hangingwall of ≥200°C/Ma after thrusting. Causes of rapid cooling include passive exhumation driven by a combination of duplexing in the Lesser Himalayan Sequence, and juxtaposition of cooler rocks on top of the GHS by the STDS. Normal‐sense displacement does not appear to affect T–t paths for rocks immediately below the STDS prior to 17–16 Ma.     

喜马拉雅造山带南北向裂谷的冷缩成因模型

长期以来,学者们普遍认为垂直于喜马拉雅造山带的南北向裂谷是东西向伸展的构造形迹。现代GPS观测数据却显示,喜马拉雅造山带东西位移(分)量很小,甚至为零。综合前人资料,喜马拉雅造山过程可划分为热造山(25~13Ma)及造山后(13Ma)冷却两个时期,热造山期具有受热膨胀,物质向外运移的特点,高喜马拉雅热隆挤出并触发各主要断裂(MCT、STD、GCT)活动,印度板块向北汇聚速率下降。造山后则表现为冷却收缩,前期构造-热活动停止或减弱,印度板块向北汇聚加速。研究认为,南北向裂谷与高喜马拉雅等冷却过程的东西向收缩。且被局限于东、西两个构造结之间有关。并据此建立了裂谷的冷缩成因模型,模型估值与地质事实很吻合。     

利用GPS观测资料分析2015年尼泊尔MS8.1地震震前及震后形变

通过对尼泊尔MS8.1地震前后附近区域GPS台站记录到的观测数据进行处理,获得了震区以及中国青藏高原地区地震前后GPS站点速度场以及震后形变场。震前速度场显示,喜马拉雅构造带整体呈现出约16 mm/a的压缩特征。同时,震前喜马拉雅构造带根据形变特征可分为东、中、西3段,其地震发生在中段,主要以北向挤压为主,而东西两段分别具有逆时针旋转和顺时针旋转的特征。震后GPS站点形变场显示,此次地震对中国新疆、青海、西藏等地区的影响较大,其最大震后位移达20 mm左右。震后速度场显示,本次地震对尼泊尔地区以及中国藏南地区的构造形变影响较大,主要表现为喜马拉雅构造带的年推挤速度减小,藏南地区的南北向运动速率减小,而东西向速度有增大的现象。这一现象可能对藏南地区的走滑断层有较大影响。     

Monitoring of TDS and conductivity in groundwater in the seismically active region in NW Himalayas,India

<正>The earthquake precursors and earthquake prediction are the burning issue among the community of earth scientists and engineers. Studies of earthquake precursory phenomena since the last several decades have shown that significant geophysical and geochemical changes may occur prior to intermediate and large earthquakes (Hartmann and Levy, 2005; Yang et al, 2005;     

Silicate‐oxide mineral chemistry of mafic–ultramafic rocks as an indicator of the roots of an island arc: The Chilas Complex,Kohistan (Pakistan)

The Chilas Complex is a major lower crustal component of the Cretaceous Kohistan island arc and one of the largest exposed slices of arc magma chamber in the world. Covering more than 8000 km², it reaches a current tectonic width of around 40 km. It was emplaced at 85 Ma during rifting of the arc soon after the collision of the arc with the Karakoram plate. Over 85% of the Complex comprises homogeneous, olivine‐free gabbronorite and subordinate orthopyroxene–quartz diorite association (MGNA), which contains bodies of up to 30 km² of ultramafic–mafic–anorthositic association (UMAA) rocks. Primary cumulate textures, igneous layering, and sedimentary structures are well preserved in layered parts of the UMAA in spite of pervasive granulite facies metamorphism. Mineral analyses show that the UMAA is characterized by more magnesian and more aluminous pyroxene and more calcic plagioclase than those in the MGNA. High modal abundances of orthopyroxene, magnetite and ilmenite (in MGNA), general Mg–Fe–Al spatial variations, and an MFA plot of whole‐rock analyses suggest a calc‐alkaline origin for the Complex. Projection of the pyroxene compositions on the Wo–En–Fs face is akin to those of pyroxenes from island arcs gabbros. The presence of highly calcic plagioclase and hornblende in UMAA is indicative of hydrous parental arc magma. The complex may be a product of two‐stage partial melting of a rising mantle diaper. The MGNA rocks represent the earlier phase melting, whereas the UMAA magma resulted from the melting of the same source depleted by the extraction of the earlier melt phase. Some of the massive peridotites in the UMAA may either be cumulates or represent metasomatized and remobilized upper mantle. The Chilas Complex shows similarities with many other (supra)subduction‐related mafic–ultramafic complexes worldwide.