闪电产生氮氧化物(LNOX)区域特征计算(Ⅱ): LNOX计算结果分析

利用东北、北京和广东三地的闪电定位资料，计算分析了6种不同类型雷暴中闪电产生的氮氧化物总体、季节、空间分布和雷暴的不同发展阶段等特征。结果表明：虽然中高纬地区雷暴频数较低，年总产氮(N)量低于低纬地区，但单个雷暴平均产N量并不比低纬低。三地雷暴产N量的月份分布不相同，东北和北京地区的峰值月份出现在季节交换期的6月和9月，广东地区出现在对流相对旺盛的7月。低纬区的系统雷暴产N量主要发生在成熟阶段，而发展和消散阶段产N量很低，中高纬尽管成熟阶段产N量最高，但发展和消散阶段也有一定的比例。中高纬的局地雷暴产N量主要发生在发展和消散阶段，成熟阶段很低，而广东地区，三个阶段相差不大。进一步讨论了几种雷暴闪电参数与雷暴产生N量的相关性，得到系统雷暴正负闪电总数和雷暴产生N量的回归预报方程并讨论了误差。最后与文献[1]的方法和Price的方法进行了比较。     

MODEL STUDY OF THE EFFECT OF SOIL NO EMISSIONS ON SURFACE OZONE

The effect of soil NO emissions on surface ozone in autumn in East China has been studied byusing TCTM(Troposphere Chemical Transport Model)with the input of meteorological variablesfrom RAMS.The chemical mechanism for ozone variation caused by soil emissions has also beeninvestigated.The model results reveal that soil NO emissions are important to regional ozoneformation and distribution and the effect of soil NO emissions shows spatial inhomogeneity.Ozoneover most areas in northern China decreases with maximum average decrement reaching 5 ppbwhile it increases over most areas of central and southern China with maximum average incrementreaching 7 ppb caused by soil NO emissions.This situation of ozone variation is mainly determinedby nonlinear photochemical mechanism.For the low NOx areas(≤3 ppb),ozone increases as NOxincreases;for the high NOx areas(>3 ppb),ozone decreases as NOx increases.The effect of soilNO emissions on ozone depends on the transition value and NOx concentrations.     

Groundbased Doas UV/visible measurements at Kiruna (Sweden) during the sesame winters 1993/94 and 1994/95.

Zenith sky observations of O3, NO2, OClO and BrO are reported, which were performed at Kiruna (67.9°N, 21.1°E) within the SESAME winters 1993/1994 and 1994/95. For both winters large total amounts of OClO were observed inside the polar vortex at twilight, indicating the degree and the temporal variation of the halogen activation of the polar stratosphere. Occasionally OClO could also be observed outside the polar vortex, most likely due to export of halogen activated vortex air masses into the ambient stratosphere. BrO could also be detected in winter 1994/95, with the largest slant column amounts (5·1014/cm2) occuring in the polar vortex in mid-winter. Similar abundances of stratospheric BrO were observed at dusk and dawn, for both, air masses inside and outside the vortex. This observation is in reasonable agreement with previous studies on stratospheric BrO (observations and models) of Wahner et al. (1992), Arpag et al. (1994), Krug et al. (1996), and Lary et al. (1996a,b), but partly in disagreement with those of Solomon et al. (1989), Fish et al. (1995), and Sessler et al. (1996).     

NINO晶体的电子自旋共振

报道了 Ｎ Ｉ Ｎ Ｏ 晶体在 Ｔ＝ １．５ Ｋ 温度和 １０１ Ｇ Ｈｚ 频率下的电子自旋共振（ Ｅ Ｓ Ｒ）实验。建立了ｄ８ 离子基态３ Ａ２ （ Ｆ）自旋哈密顿参量 Ｄ、 Ｅ 和ｇ 因子与斜方对称晶场势参量间的关系,并对 Ｎ Ｉ Ｎ Ｏ 晶体进行了计算。所得结果与实验一致,表明所给关系式是合理的。     

SPATIOTEMPORAL VARIATION OF NO2 AND SUB-REGIONAL TRANSPORT DURING WINTER POLLUTION EVENTS IN HAIKOU, CHINA

An ensemble of satellite measurements, statistic data from government and meteorological diagnosis in regional background site (Haikou, China) has revealed the spatial and temporal characteristics of NO2 and associated synoptic transport patterns over southern China from January 2013 to February 2014. The result shows that: (1) Ozone Monitoring Instrument (OMI) satellite products had a good correlation with observation NO2 in Haikou. The correlation coefficients between Observation NO2 and tropospheric column NO2 and ratio of TroNO2/ TotNO2(tropospheric column NO2/ total column NO2) had all passed the confidence level of 99.9% test. (2) TroNO2 over southern China has an obvious seasonal variation, which is closely coupled with regional meteorology in each season. (3) NO2 concentration in Haikou revealed three pollution periods during December 2013 and January 2014. The variation of NO2 concentration in Haikou is related to the meteorological elements closely. (4) Compared to the monthly mean meteorological fields of the pollution periods, the results indicate that NO2 pollution event in Haikou is directly related to the exogenous transportation from PRD region. An ensemble analysis of meteorological dynamic factors, wind vectors and backward trajectories during the pollution periods further verified this conclusion.     

饮用水NO-3污染与食管癌发病率及死亡率相关性探讨--以河南省林州安阳地区为例

阐明了林州市食管癌流行的4个特征。根据46个饮用水的NO3^-分析资料，论证亚硝胺的前体物NO3^-的分布与食管癌的地理分布具有明显的相关性：林州市的发病率是北部高于南部；林州市－安阳县－范县的发病率是西部大于东部。居民饮用NO3^-超标的浅层地下水，旱井水是导致食管癌的重要原因之一。70年代以来，大量施用化肥是引起饮用地下水NO3^-污染的根本原因，它导致的后果是林州市食管癌发病率和死亡率下降缓慢。指出了必须坚持“防霉、去胺、施钼肥、治增生、改变不良饮食习惯”五项预防措施，特别要把饮用水治理好。     

r-干扰素对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)在青石斑鱼(Epinephelus awoara)巨噬细胞胞内存活的影响

采用大肠杆菌重组?-干扰素(rIFN-gamma)单独和联合处理青石斑鱼(Epinephelus awoara)头肾巨噬细胞的方法, 进行了重组?-干扰素对溶藻弧菌(Vibrio alginolyticus)在巨噬细胞内存活研究。结果表明, 溶藻弧菌感染巨噬细胞后暴露于?-干扰素的细胞内细菌存活数量[(1380±80)CFU/mL]明显降低。然而, 在24h, ?-干扰素及脂多糖联合处理组巨噬细胞内溶藻弧菌的存活数量[(463±32)CFU/mL]比暴露于含有或者不含有脂多糖, NG-单甲基-L-精氨酸(NMMA)和过氧化氢酶的?-干扰素处理组少。采用?-干扰素, ?-干扰素和脂多糖, ?-干扰素、脂多糖和NMMA, ?-干扰素、脂多糖和过氧化氢酶四种方式处理24h能提高巨噬细胞过氧化氢的释放, 而不能提高NO2?的产物。另外, 经过?-干扰素处理能够明显降低巨噬细胞对溶藻弧菌的的吞噬作用, 但不影响对溶藻弧菌的杀伤作用。本文数据表明, 过氧化氢的释放和细胞吞噬作用能明显减少溶藻弧菌在巨噬细胞内存活的数量。     

晋南地区典型盐碱地棉田的NO排放特征

NO是一种主要的大气污染物,施肥农田是大气N0的第二大排放源,农田N0减排有利于减轻空气污染.但农田N0减排措施的制定需要以排放特征和清单研究为基础.本研究采用静态箱自动采样一化学发光在线实时测定方法,对晋南地区典型灌溉盐碱地棉田(实验期间以纯氮计的氮肥施用量为66. kg·hm-2·a-1)的NO排放进行了全天候周年连续观测.结果表明:对于该棉田的NO排放测定,提高观测频率比增加空间重复(增加采样箱)更重要;年度N0排放表现出春夏高、秋冬低的季节变化特点;晴天普遍发生着与温度同步的日间极大值单峰型日变化,且大多数情况下的NO日排放极大值比5 cm深度的土壤温度极大值提前大约3 h;NO-N背景排放率约为0.64 kg·hm-2·a-1,肥料氮的年NO-N直接排放系数为0.32%±0.09%.这些结果揭示了盐碱地棉田NO排放的一些重要特征,并为编制农田NO排放清单提供了排放系数实测数据.     

用太阳光谱遥测大气污染气体NO_2的含量

利用地面可见光 (4 30— 45 0nm)波段的太阳光谱和大气上界的参考太阳光谱 ,反演出大气中NO2 的柱总含量 ,得到了该地区上空NO2 含量及其变化 ,其变化与当地环境监测站用常规法测量的NO2 浓度的变化基本一致。该文介绍了测量仪器、测量原理和部分测量结果     

两种海参对实验性高脂血症大鼠治疗作用的比较研究

比较研究菲律宾刺参（Pearsonothuria graeffei）和日本刺参（Apostichopus japonicus）对实验性高脂血症大鼠血脂水平和抗氧化能力的影响。结果表明，菲律宾刺参和日本刺参均能明显降低高脂血症大鼠血清TC（P〈0．01），LDL—C（P〈0．01）含量及LDL—C／HDL．C比值（P〈0．01），提高HDL—C及NO（P〈0．01）含量；显著降低血清和肝脏中MDA含量（P〈0．05，P〈0．01），并提高其SOD和GSH-PX活性（P〈0．05，P〈0．01）。其中，日本刺参对血清TC，LDL-C，LDL—C／HDL—C及肝脏MDA水平降低作用和NO含量提升作用显著优于菲律宾刺参（P〈0．05）。提示了菲律宾刺参和日本刺参对大鼠实验性高脂血症均具有显著的治疗作用，日本刺参的治疗效果优于菲律宾刺参。