不同大气污染物监测密度对CMAQ源同化修正效果影响的模拟

采用(美国环保部的MODEL-3系统的)CMAQ源同化模型及4种不同空间分辨率的SO2、NO2实测资料,反演得到中国不同尺度的同化修正排放源,利用新一代中尺度气象模式WRF与多尺度空气质量模式CMAQ,模拟分析了中国不同观测信息密度对SO2、NO2源同化反演及其浓度预报的影响,重点分析了华北地区SO2、NO2浓度加密观测对改善SO2、NO2排放源和空气质量预报的重要影响。结果表明,采用不同分辨率的实测资料时,SO2、NO2的趋势预报效果改善程度有一定差异;采用较高分辨率的实测资料进行SO2、NO2源同化修正时,可明显减小SO2、NO2浓度的预报误差。华北地区较高分辨率的观测信息对于改进源同化修正效果及SO2、NO2浓度的趋势预报十分重要,尤其是对SO2浓度的预报尤为重要;采用经高分辨率的实测资料同化修正的排放源时,WRF-CMAQ模式对北京城市尺度SO2、NO2浓度的变化趋势、浓度水平和空间分布特征具有较好的预报效果。高分辨率的观测资料和区域源同化反演方法对于区域污染物浓度预报及排放源清单具有显著的改进作用。     

高NOx条件下非甲烷烃体积分数的变化对O3生成量的影响

利用ＬＬＡ－Ｃ光化学反应机制,在ＮＯＸ保持高值不变时,模拟分布范围很广的８种初始［ＮＭＨＣ］／［ＮＯｘ］（１０９／１０９）（１．０、３．０、７．１、１４．３、２８．６、５７．２、１００．０、２００．０）条件下臭氧体积分数的变化。模拟结果表明,当［ＮＭＨＣ］／［ＮＯｘ］≥１５．０时,臭氧生成量对ＮＭＨＣ的改变不大敏感而主要依赖于ＮＯｘ的大小。但是,当非甲烷烃与氮氧化物的比北较低（＜７．０）时,臭氧生成量紧密地依赖于非甲烷烃体积分数。进一步的验证工作还有待于加强。     

Relationship between Lightning Activity and Tropospheric Nitrogen Dioxide and the Estimation of Lightning-produced Nitrogen Oxides over China

To better understand the relationship between lightning activity and nitrogen oxides(NOX) in the troposphere and to estimate lightning-produced NOX(LNOX) production in China more precisely, spatial and temporal distributions of vertical column densities of tropospheric nitrogen dioxide(NO_2VCDs) and lightning activity were analyzed using satellite measurements. The results showed that the spatial distribution of lightning activity is greater in the east than in the west of China, as with NO_2 VCDs. However, the seasonal and annual variation between lightning and NO_2 density show different trends in the east and west. The central Tibetan Plateau is sparsely populated without modern industry, and NO_2 VCDs across the plateau are barely affected by anthropogenic sources. The plateau is an ideal area to study LNOX. By analyzing 15 years of satellite data from that region, it was found that lightning density is in strong agreement with annual, spatial and seasonal variations of NO_2 VCDs, with a correlation coefficient of 0.79 from the linear fit. Combining Beirle's method and the linear fit equation,LNOXproduction in the Chinese interior was determined to be 0.07(0.02–0.27) Tg N yr~(-1) for 1997–2012, within the range of 0.016–0.384 Tg N yr~(-1) from previous estimates.     

Effects of NO and different media on the growth of prorocentrum micans

1Introduction NOisadiffusible,gaseousfreeradicalthatplaysimportantrolesinanimalsandplants.Itfunctionsin diseaseresistance,abioticstress,celldeath,respira tion,senescence,rootdevelopments,germinationandhormoneresponses.Itisanunusualsignalinthatitis areactive,lipophilicandvolatilefreeradicalthatcanbecytotoxic.ThewidespreadbiologicalsignificanceofnitricoxidewasrecognizedbySciencein1992whichnamedthefreeradicalNO‘Moleculeoftheyear’,andin1998theNobelPrizeinPhysiologyandMedicinewasawardedforwor…     

深对流云输送对于对流层O3、NOx在分析的作用

利用一个冰雹云模式与云化学输送模块耦合而成的三维对流云化学／输送模式, 研究对流云对重要的大气污染物臭氧 （Ｏ３）、氮氧化物 （ＮＯｘ, 包括ＮＯ 和ＮＯ２） 的输送作用。模式较好地体现了一个单体积云的发展过程及其特征。云化学／输送模式的结果表明, 云内强烈的垂直输送能在３０ ｍ ｉｎ 左右, 把低层低体积分数的Ｏ３和高体积分数的ＮＯ２快速、有效地输送到对流层的上部, 造成化学物种的再分布。而在云顶附近, 由于对流穿透了对流层的顶部,造成了上层高体积分数Ｏ３的向下侵入,说明云的对流活动除了能把边界层内的污染物向上输送, 其夹卷作用还可以造成平流层和对流层化学物质的交换。     

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri inhibits UVB-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells via iNOS/NO and HSP90

Polypeptide from Chlamys farreri(PCF) is a novel marine bioactive product that was isolated from the gonochoric Chinese scallop Chlamys farreri,and was found to be an effective antioxidant in our recent studies.In this study,we investigated the effect of PCF on ultraviolet B(UVB)-induced apoptosis of HaCaT cells and the intracellular signaling pathways involved.Pretreatment with the inducible nitric oxide synthase(iNOS) inhibitor S-methylisothiourea sulfate inhibited UVB-induced apoptosis,indicating that iN...     

大气NO2柱浓度多轴差分吸收光谱测量技术及应用

介绍了以太阳散射光为光源的多轴差分吸收光谱技术（Multi-Axis Differential Optical Absorption Spectroscopy,简称MAX-DOAS）,以及MAX-DOAS仪器试验应用.试验中选取中午仪器测量的天顶散射光光谱为参考光谱即Fraunhofer参考光谱,并将测量光谱进行消噪、波长校准以及去除Fraunhofer结构处理.利用分子吸收光学厚度和Ring效应光学厚度对处理后的测量光谱进行最小二乘法拟合,反演出了大气NO2差分斜柱浓度（Differential Slant Column Densities,简称DSCD）.分析了天津武清NO2的差分斜柱浓度反演结果,用简单快捷的几何法将NO2差分斜柱浓度转化成对流层垂直柱浓度（Vertical Column Densities,简称VCD）.研究表明,MAX-DOAS可以有效地监测污染地区对流层NO2的垂直柱浓度.     

强降水天气对南宁市气溶胶主要组分的影响程度

分别对比分析了晴天无云和台风影响出现强降水条件下南宁市气溶胶的变化特征。结果表明:大的降水和大的风速对南宁市气溶胶有较大的清除作用,风速的作用要大于降水的作用;在一定的风速条件下,降水对气溶胶的冲刷作用有限,当降水量达到一定程度之后,降水对气溶胶主要组分的清除作用不再明显;降水和风速对PM10的影响比SO2的明显;晴天条件下,PM10浓度占主要优势,强降水条件下SO2浓度占优势;强降水天气未能屏蔽交通活动对南宁市气溶胶的影响。     

Observations of NO2 and O3 during thunderstorm activity using visible spectroscopy

Simultaneous observations for the total column densities of NO2, O3 and H2O were carried on using the porta-ble Spectrometer (438-450 nm and 400-450 nm) and the visible Spectrometer (544.4-628 nm) during premonsoon thunderstorms and embedded hail storm activity at Pune (18o32’N & 73o51’E), India. These observations confirm the fact that there is an increase in O3 and NO2 column densities during thunderstorms. The increase in O3 was observed following onset of thunderstorm, while the increase in NO2 was observed only after the thunder flashes occur. This implies that the production mechanisms for O3 and NO2 in thunderstorm are different. The observed column density of NO2 value (1 to 3 × 1017molecules · cm-2) during thunderstorm activity is 10 to 30 times higher than the value (1 × 1016molecules · cm-2) of a normal day total column density. The spectrometric observations and observations of thunder flashes by electric field meter showed that 6.4 × 1025molecules / flash of NO2 are produced. The increased to-tal column density of ozone during thunderstorm period is 1.2 times higher than normal (clear) day ozone concentra-tion. The multiple scattering in the clouds is estimated from H2O and O2 absorption bands in the visible spectral re-gion. Considering this effect the calculated amount of ozone added in the global atmosphere due to thunderstorm ac-tivity is 0.26 to 0.52 DU, and the annual production of ozone due to thunderstorm activity is of the order of 4.02 × 1037 molecules /year. The annual NO2 production may be of the order of 2.02 × 1035molecules / year.     

Flux between soil and atmosphere, vertical concentration profiles in soil, and turnover of nitric oxide: 1. Measurements on a model soil core

A stainless steel soil corer which was filled with homogenized soil was used to measure the flux (J) of NO between soil and atmosphere and the vertical profile of the NO mixing ratios (m) in the soil atmosphere, both as function of the NO mixing ratio (mm _a ) in the atmosphere of the headspace. The NO emission flux decreased linearly with increasing NO mixing ratio and turned into a deposition flux after passage of the compensation point (m _c) at about 400 ppbv NO. Almost the same compensation point was obtained when the turnover of NO was measured in flask-incubated soil samples as function of the NO mixing ratio. The flux (J) of NO at the soil-atmosphere interface was calculated from the production rate (P) of NO and the NO uptake rate constant (k) that were measured in these flask-incubated soil samples using the diffusion model of Galbally and Johansson (1989). The calculated fluxes agreed within <15% with those actually measured. The vertical profiles of NO were fitted to an exponential function and analyzed by Fick's first law of diffusion. The shape of the profiles indicated a net production of NO in the upper 10 cm soil layer when the atmospheric NO mixing ratio was below the compensation point and in a net consumption of NO when the atmospheric NO mixing ratio was above the compensation point. In soil layers below 10 cm depth, the turnover of NO resulted in compensation of production and consumption rates. Measurement of the actual diffusion coefficient using SF₆ showed that gas transport in the soil core was not only due to molecular diffusion but in addition due to a bidirectional gas flow. The experimentally determined diffusion coefficient was smaller than that computed from soil porosities, but resulted together with the additional transport term in NO fluxes that were close (< ±15%) to those measured. This is the first comprehensive study of NO concentration profiles and turnover rates in soil providing a theoretical basis for modelling NO fluxes at the soil-atmosphere interface.