Numerical simulation of three-dimensional saltwater–freshwater fingering instabilities observed in a porous medium

We consider saltwater–freshwater fingering instabilities in a saturated porous medium. In the first part, we present three-dimensional results obtained from a laboratory experiment using non-invasive imaging. In the second part, we define a set of model problems in which the performed laboratory experiments can be ranged in. Due to its highly non-linear behavior and inevitable modeling errors, a detailed numerical reproduction of the physical concentration measurements cannot be expected. Nevertheless, four criteria have been identified, two quantitative and two qualitative, which facilitate a substantiated comparison of the physical experiment and the numerical simulation. With respect to these criteria a high degree of similarity could be observed. The use of these features allows a deeper understanding of the physical processes and the influence of the initial conditions.     

测井数据滑动窗关联维计算和沉积学分析

应用滑动窗关联维计算方法对鲁北济阳坳陷某钻井剖面石炭系-二叠系陆表海沉积层段GR测井响应数据进行了分形维数计算,结果表明海侵体系域关联维数一般较小,且维数曲线振荡变化较弱,而高水位体系域则相反.这与海侵体系域形成时海平面上升的主控因素压制或掩盖了其他因素的显现有关,同时也证明测井序列分形分析能从另一个新的视角观察识别测井序列中所包含的地质信息.随着分形方法应用研究的不断开展,必将从测井数据中挖掘出更多的有用信息,指导油气等资源勘探与开发,丰富及完善测井地质学理论.相信将来分形会成为地质数据分析的标准工具.     

苏州高岭石的热变过程研究

运用X射线衍射、红外光谱及固体高分辨核磁共振等手段，研究了苏州高岭石560～1600℃热变产物，结果显示：①高岭石．偏高岭石．莫来石的转变系列存在结构上的连续性，其转变经历了脱羟阶段（约400～600℃），偏高岭石阶段（600～800℃），相分离阶段（800～1100℃），莫来石阶段（1100～1600℃）；②莫来石形成过程没有出现AlO3的大量分凝，但存在SiO2分凝；③偏高岭石．莫来石转变过程的中间相为Al-Si尖晶石和准莫来石；④引起1000℃放热反应的主要因素是SiO2的大量分凝，其次是准莫来石等过渡相的形成。     

饱和度对玄武岩微波响应的影响试验研究

岩石的微波处理效果受诸多因素影响,其中水是一种良好的吸波介质,能提高岩石的微波吸收能力。为探索饱和度对微波照射后岩石响应特征的影响效果,以不同饱和度的玄武岩试样为研究对象,以升温特性、波速与孔隙度变化以及动态抗拉强度等为参考指标,开展了3 kW功率微波照射的破岩试验。从细观与宏观角度的分析结果表明：（1）水的存在影响了微波照射过程中岩样的升温特性,照射的前15 s内,饱和度低于75%组明显促进了升温速率,而饱和度达到100%则作用相反,升温速率低于干燥组;15～30 s随着含水率的减少与蒸发吸热,含水试样升温速率降低;30～45 s内水分蒸发完毕,含水试样的升温速率接近干燥试样。（2）饱和度差异导致玄武岩在微波照射后发生不同程度的波速与孔隙率的变化,波速降幅范围为8.18%～17%,孔隙率增长范围为18.71%～43.65%,损伤效果并未随饱和度升高而增强。（3）同样照射条件下,50%饱和度组在蒸汽压力和热应力共同作用下快速达到强度极限,试样直接发生破坏。其余组试样大多未发生明显细观损伤,最终动态抗拉强度差距不明显。     

Petrophysical properties assessment using wireline logs data at well#3 of Srikail gas field,Bangladesh

This study focused on the quantitative analysis of the petrophysical parameters in characterizing the reservoir properties of the Srikail gas field using multi-scale wireline logs. Petrophysical parameters (shale volume, porosity, water saturation and hydrocarbon saturation) were estimated from the combination of gamma ray log, resistivity log, density log and neutron log for three hydrocarbon (gas)-bearing zones at well#3. At the first time, log records at 0.1 m and 0.2 m intervals were read for this study. Result showed the average shale volume is 21.07%, 53.67% and 51.71% for zone-1, zone-2 and zone-3, respectively. For these zones, the estimated average porosity was 35.89%, 29.83% and 28.76%, respectively. The average water saturation of 31.54%, 16.83% and 23.39% and average hydrocarbon saturation of 68.46%, 83.17% and 76.61% were calculated for zone-1, zone-2 and zone-3, respectively. Thus zone-2 is regarded the most productive zone of well#3. It was found that the values of some parameters (porosity, hydrocarbon saturation and permeability) are higher than the existing results. Therefore, this study confirmed that the log reading at minute/close interval provides better quantitive values of the reservoir’s petrophysical properties. It is expected that this result will contribute to the national gas field development program in future.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

Experimental study on characteristics of pore water conversion during methane hydrates formation in unsaturated sand

Understanding the pore water conversion characteristics during hydrate formation in porous media is important to study the accumulation mechanism of marine gas hydrate. In this study, low-field NMR was used to study the pore water conversion characteristics during methane hydrate formation in unsaturated sand samples. Results show that the signal intensity of T₂ distribution isn’t affected by sediment type and pore pressure, but is affected by temperature. The increase in the pressure of hydrogen-containing gas can cause the increase in the signal intensity of T₂ distribution. The heterogeneity of pore structure is aggravated due to the hydrate formation in porous media. The water conversion rate fluctuates during the hydrate formation. The sand size affects the water conversion ratio and rate by affecting the specific surface of sand in unsaturated porous media. For the fine sand sample, the large specific surface causes a large gas-water contact area resulting in a higher water conversion rate, but causes a large water-sand contact area resulting in a low water conversion ratio (C_w=96.2%). The clay can reduce the water conversion rate and ratio, especially montmorillonite (C_w=95.8%). The crystal layer of montmorillonite affects the pore water conversion characteristics by hindering the conversion of interlayer water.©2022 China Geology Editorial Office.     

冻融循环作用下砂岩孔隙体积变形模型的建立与分析

为研究冻融作用下砂岩内部孔隙的扩展机制,基于弹性力学和热力学理论,建立了饱水孔隙内水结冰的体积变形计算模型。结合基于核磁共振技术的冻融循环作用下饱和砂岩的孔隙度变化和T₂谱分布的试验结果,通过建立的孔隙体积变形计算模型,分析了冻融作用下砂岩的孔隙体积变形规律。结果表明：冻融作用下饱和砂岩的体积膨胀系数大于8.69%;单次冻融作用对砂岩试样的损伤较小,孔隙体积的变化范围在0.80%~1.03%之间;砂岩的孔隙收缩系数和孔隙弹性变形体积占比的变化规律一致,均为先增大后减小;砂岩试样的孔隙收缩系数在7.92%~8.04%之间,其孔隙弹性变形体积占比平均为97.79%;在冻融过程中大孔隙的弹性变形比小孔隙的弹性变形更小。     

特低渗砂岩储层储集特征及其孔隙结构类型划分——以姬塬油田长6油层组砂岩储层为例

应用常规物性、铸体薄片、扫描电镜、常规压汞、核磁共振等实验,着重分析姬塬地区长6油层组微观孔隙结构类型划分及其对可动流体饱和度的影响。研究表明:该区的储集空间主要为原生粒间孔、其次为长石溶孔;根据毛管压力曲线形态以及相应的参数,将储层孔隙结构分为Ⅰ类、Ⅱ类、Ⅲ类、Ⅳ类,四类孔隙结构对应储集空间不同,其储集性能和渗流能力依次变差;核磁共振测得T_2谱图形态与其所对应孔喉半径进汞饱和度分布形态相似,T_2值大小与孔喉半径大小呈正相关性,孔喉半径是影响可动流体分布的主要因子,渗透率与可动流体饱和度呈较好的正相关性,是表征孔隙结构渗流能力的直观参数。     

声波测井中首波与次首波的理论研究

本文讨论了裸眼井中由点状声源激发的首波与次首波问题,认为:首波与次首波分别是以地层纵波速度V_c和地层横波速度V_s传播的几何衰减波。同时给出了泄漏波的解析式,而泄漏纵波和泄漏横波的截止频率分别为远场处的首波与次首波的传播特征频率。