Using wavelet‐domain adaptive filtering to improve signal‐to‐noise ratio of nuclear magnetic resonance log data from tight gas sands

In tight gas sands, the signal‐to‐noise ratio of nuclear magnetic resonance log data is usually low, which limits the application of nuclear magnetic resonance logs in this type of reservoir. This project uses the method of wavelet‐domain adaptive filtering to denoise the nuclear magnetic resonance log data from tight gas sands. The principles of the maximum correlation coefficient and the minimum root mean square error are used to decide on the optimal basis function for wavelet transformation. The feasibility and the effectiveness of this method are verified by analysing the numerical simulation results and core experimental data. Compared with the wavelet thresholding denoise method, this adaptive filtering method is more effective in noise filtering, which can improve the signal‐to‐noise ratio of nuclear magnetic resonance data and the inversion precision of transverse relaxation time T₂ spectrum. The application of this method to nuclear magnetic resonance logs shows that this method not only can improve the accuracy of nuclear magnetic resonance porosity but also can enhance the recognition ability of tight gas sands in nuclear magnetic resonance logs.     

Characterising the present-day stress regime of the Georgina Basin

The onshore Georgina Basin in northern Australia is prospective for unconventional hydrocarbons; however, like many frontier basins, it is underexplored. A well-connected hydraulic fracture network has been shown to be essential for the extraction of resources from the tight reservoirs that categorise unconventional plays, as they allow for economic flows of fluid from the reservoir to the well. One of the fundamental scientific questions regarding hydraulic stimulation within the sub-surface of sedimentary basins is the degree to which local and regional tectonic stresses act as a primary control on fracture propagation. As such, an understanding of present-day stresses has become increasingly important to modern petroleum exploration and production, particularly when considering unconventional hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study characterises the regional stress regime in the Georgina Basin using existing well data. Wellbore geophysical logs, including electrical resistivity image logs, and well tests from 31 petroleum and stratigraphic wells have been used to derive stress magnitudes and constrain horizontal stress orientations. Borehole failure features interpreted from wellbore image and caliper logs yield a maximum horizontal stress orientation of 044°N. Integration of density log data results in a vertical stress gradient of 24.6 MPa km^–1. Leak-off and mini-fracture tests suggest that this is the minimum principal stress, as leak-off values are generally shown to be at or above the magnitude of vertical stress. The maximum horizontal stress gradient is calculated to be in the range of 31.3–53.9 MPa km^–1. As such, a compressional stress regime favouring reverse/reverse–strike-slip faulting is interpreted for the Georgina Basin.     

基于核磁共振的褐牙鲆幼鱼组织代谢组学分析

基于核磁共振的代谢组学技术是系统生物学研究的重要组成部分,近年来已被广泛应用于海洋生物学中。由于海洋环境具有高盐度的特点,海洋生物与其他生物相比,体内代谢物浓度差异极大。通常来说,海洋生物为应对高盐度的海水环境,其体内的渗透调节物,例如牛磺酸、甜菜碱、氮氧三甲胺等的浓度往往是其他代谢物的数百倍,造成体内代谢物所占代谢组权重的极不均衡。因此,选择合适的代谢组数据预处理方法,是准确分析海洋生物代谢组差异的关键。本研究以褐牙鲆(Paralichthys olivaceus)幼鱼为研究对象,经低盐胁迫48小时后,利用一维核磁共振氢谱,分析了褐牙鲆幼鱼全组织在低盐胁迫后的代谢组变化,比较了三种不同预处理方法 (单位方差换算、帕莱托换算与对数化-中心化处理)对于低盐胁迫诱导的代谢响应分析的差异。结果表明,褐牙鲆幼鱼体内的渗透调节物-氮氧三甲胺浓度是其他代谢物浓度的200倍以上,而低盐胁迫可诱导褐牙鲆幼鱼体内显著的代谢响应。其中,对数化-中心化处理的代谢组数据,经正交偏最小二乘判别分析后,能发现8个低盐胁迫诱导的差异代谢物(不含1个未知代谢物),与代谢物定量结果一致,多于其他两种预处理方法 (单位方差换算、帕莱托换算)的代谢组分析结果,适合用于褐牙鲆代谢组学分析。以上研究结果为褐牙鲆代谢组数据的准确分析提供了方法学依据。     

Sedimentary facies associations and sequence stratigraphy of source and reservoir rocks of the lacustrine Eocene Niubao Formation (Lunpola Basin,central Tibet)

The Eocene Niubao Formation of the Lunpola Basin, a large Cenozoic intermontane basin in central Tibet, is an important potential hydrocarbon source and reservoir unit. It represents ∼20 Myr of lacustrine sedimentation in a half-graben with a sharply fault-bounded northern margin and a low-angle flexural southern margin, resulting in a highly asymmetric distribution of depositional facies and sediment thicknesses along the N-S axis of the basin. An integrated investigation of well-logs, seismic data, cores and outcrops revealed three third-order sequences (SQ1 to SQ3), each representing a cycle of rising and falling lake levels yielding lowstand, transgressive, and highstand systems tracts. Lowstand systems tracts (LST) include delta and fan delta facies spread widely along the gentle southern margin and concentrated narrowly along the steep northern margin of the basin, with sublacustrine fan sand bodies extending into the basin center. Highstand systems tracts (HST) include expanded areas of basin-center shale deposition, with sublacustrine fans, deltas and fan deltas locally developed along the basin margins. Sequence development may reflect episodes of tectonic uplift and base-level changes. The southern margin of the basin exhibits two different structural styles that locally influenced sequence development, i.e., a multi-step fault belt in the south-central sector and a flexure belt in the southeastern sector. The sedimentary model and sequence stratigraphic framework developed in this study demonstrate that N2 (the middle member of Niubao Formation) exhibits superior hydrocarbon potential, characterized by thicker source rocks and a wider distribution of sand-body reservoirs, although N3 (the upper member of Niubao Formation) also has good potential. Fault-controlled lithologic traps are plentiful along the basin margins, representing attractive targets for future exploratory drilling for hydrocarbons.     

Investigation on the pore structure and multifractal characteristics of tight oil reservoirs using NMR measurements: Permian Lucaogou Formation in Jimusaer Sag,Junggar Basin

Pore structure is a critical parameter to estimate the reservoir quality and evaluate the resource potential. However, the pore structure and heterogeneity of the unconventional tight oil reservoirs of Permian Lucaogou Formation of Jimusaer Sag, Junggar Basin are not studied well. In this paper, the multifractal analysis based on the NMR T₂ distributions was applied to investigate the pore structure and heterogeneity. The reservoir quality index (RQI) and flow zone indicator (FZI) were calculated using porosity and permeability. Two parameters T₃₅ and T₅₀ were newly defined as relaxation times corresponding to the 35% and 50% saturation on the T₂ reverse accumulative curve, respectively. The results showed that the RQI, and FZI values were extremely low, and that the NMR T₂ distributions of water saturated samples had much short relaxation components with no or little long relaxation components, indicating a complex and poor microscopic pore structure of tight oil rocks. The typical multifractal characteristics, such as the large values of singularity strength range (Δα), revealed that the pore structures of samples were strongly heterogeneous. It was also found that the clay contents have an obvious influence on the multifractal parameters, and the FZI and new defined T₃₅ are two good indicators for heterogeneity of pore structure. In addition, the feasibility and applicability of calculating the multifractal parameters from NMR and other well logs were discussed.     

西藏谷露铯硅华1H、29Si魔角旋转核磁共振研究

对谷露硅华样品进行固体MAS NMR分析,主要获得以下结论。1)采用1H MAS NMR技术,能分辨出谷露硅华不同类型的H2O或者OH-基团:孤立的内部羟基、氢键缔合羟基以及表面吸附的孔隙水和羟基结合水,其质子的化学位移分别为0.9×10-6、0.5×10-6、7.2×10-6、4.5×10-6和2.7×10-6。2)在硅华的1H→29Si CP/MAS NMR谱中可以看到,蛋白石中存在Q2结构,说明谷露硅华中存在与Q2硅配位的孪位羟基。3)从硅华的29Si MAS NMR实验结果可知,硅华的Cs含量与Q3的强度呈正相关关系,与Q4的强度呈负相关关系。由此可见,硅华中Cs的含量可能与蛋白石中的Q3(Q2)结构有关。     

核磁共振T_2谱奇异值反演改进算法

通过分析最佳奇异值保留个数与信噪比的关系,改进了传统的SVc反演算法,提出了一种新的实现非负约束的迭代方案.数值模拟实验和实际应用表明,改进的奇异值分解算法可以适用于低信噪比(5相似文献   

冻融作用下砂岩孔隙结构损伤特征研究

为研究冻融作用下砂岩孔隙结构损伤特征,选取5个岩样进行100次冻融循环试验,并采用核磁共振技术对砂岩孔隙结构进行测试,得到了冻融作用下砂岩的核磁共振弛豫时间T2谱分布、孔隙度等细观结构特征。根据孔隙的孔径分布特征,按孔径尺寸划分为小孔隙、中孔隙、大孔隙3类,并采用扩散双电层理论对不同尺寸孔隙水分布规律进行了分析。结果表明:随着冻融循环次数增加,核磁共振T2分布右移,砂岩的孔隙度增大;同时,水-岩作用导致部分矿物质溶解在孔隙水中,使得孔隙水中离子浓度升高,导致岩石内部产生大量的次生孔隙。随着孔径尺寸的增加,孔隙中的束缚水含量逐渐减少,且小孔隙的束缚水含量远远大于大孔隙;在低温冻结时,自由水先于束缚水结冰,小孔隙束缚水离子浓度的增长幅度小于大孔隙,进而产生了离子浓度差,使得小孔隙中的水分子向大孔隙迁移,造成小孔隙的损伤速率远小于大孔隙。因此,小孔隙在水-岩作用与冻胀压力的作用下不断发育,大孔隙则在冻胀压力下快速扩张、发育,直至岩样发生宏观破坏。