Modeling rock permeability from NMR relaxation data by PLS regression

This study explores the application of the partial least squares regression (PLSR) technique to rock permeability prediction from nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) relaxation data. A total of 68 Brazilian sandstone cores selected from reservoirs and outcrop analogs were fully saturated and analyzed by NMR. The permeability of the cores ranged from 0.007 to 9,800 mD. From their ¹H transverse relaxation times (T₂) measured at 2 MHz, two PLSR models were developed for the relaxation spectra and the raw relaxation curves. Both models led to more uniform and accurate predictions (RMSE = 0.47 and 0.50 log mD, respectively) compared with the classical Kenyon model (RMSE = 0.78 log mD).     

Fuzzy inference system for identification of geological stratigraphy off Prydz Bay, East Antarctica

The analysis of well logging data plays key role in the exploration and development of hydrocarbon reservoirs. Various well log parameters such as porosity, gamma ray, density, transit time and resistivity, help in classification of strata and estimation of the physical, electrical and acoustical properties of the subsurface lithology. Strong and conspicuous changes in some of the log parameters associated with any particular geological stratigraphy formation are function of its composition, physical properties that help in classification. However some substrata show moderate values in respective log parameters and make difficult to identify the kind of strata, if we go by the standard variability ranges of any log parameters and visual inspection. The complexity increases further with more number of sensors involved. An attempt is made to identify the kinds of stratigraphy from well logs over Prydz bay basin, East Antarctica using fuzzy inference system. A model is built based on few data sets of known stratigraphy and further the network model is used as test model to infer the lithology of a borehole from their geophysical logs, not used in simulation. Initially the fuzzy based algorithm is trained, validated and tested on well log data and finally identifies the formation lithology of a hydrocarbon reservoir system of study area. The effectiveness of this technique is demonstrated by the analysis of the results for actual lithologs and coring data of ODP Leg 188. The fuzzy results show that the training performance equals to 82.95% while the prediction ability is 87.69%. The fuzzy results are very encouraging and the model is able to decipher even thin layer seams and other strata from geophysical logs. The result provides the significant sand formation of depth range 316.0- 341.0 m, where core recovery is incomplete.     

地层渗透率与水合物含量关系的模拟研究(英文)

本文通过人工变换T2分布和建立管-球模型模拟法研究含水合物地层渗透率与水合物含量之间的关系。首先,在渗透率的模拟试验中,我们改变了束缚水与可动水的比例、总孔隙度以及与之关联的T2分布。试验结果表明,相对渗透率与水合物含量之间的关系受到这些因素的制约。随后,我们用管-球模型表示水合物生长的孔隙空间,并把水合物的生长过程看成是向孔隙空间随机扔小球的过程。在此过程中,采用两种方法计算渗透率,一是Schlumberger’sT2公式(即SDR模型),二是Darcy定律与Poiseuille流动方程相结合的方法。前人的实验研究表明,在一定的水合物含量范围内,渗透率基本保持不变。以此为参考,我们将计算结果与之进行比较。我们发现,采用SDR模型时,渗透率的数值模拟曲线与Masuda模型N=15时的结果相近。而采用Darcy定律时,渗透率模拟值较高,但与实验结果的趋势相一致,都会出现渗透率的平直阶段。尤其,当水合物晶体在孔隙体内优先生成时,优先的概率越高,渗透率的平直范围越大。     

Assessment of Clam Ruditapes philippinarum as Heavy Metal Bioindicators Using NMR‐Based Metabolomics

There are mainly distributed three pedigrees (White, Liangdao Red, and Zebra) of Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum in Yantai population along the Bohai marine and coast. However, the biological differences to environmental stressors have been ignored in toxicology studies, which could lead to the distortion of biological interpretations of toxicological effects induced by environmental contaminants. In this study, we applied a system biology approach, metabolomics to compare the metabolic profiles in digestive gland from three pedigrees of clam and characterize and compare the metabolic responses induced by mercury in clam digestive gland tissues to determine a sensitive pedigree of clam as a preferable bioindicator for metal pollution monitoring and toxicology research. The most abundant metabolites, respectively, included branched‐chain amino acids, alanine, and arginine in White samples, glutamate, dimethylglycine, and glycine in Zebra clams and acetylcholine, betaine, glucose, and glycogen in Liangdao Red clams. After 48 h exposure of 20 µg L^?1 Hg²⁺, the metabolic profiles from the three pedigrees of clams showed differentially significant changes in alanine, glutamate, succinate, taurine, hypotaurine, glycine, arginine, glucose, etc. Our findings indicate the toxicological effects of mercury exposure in Manila clams including the neurotoxicity, disturbances in energetic metabolisms and osmoregulation in the digestive glands and suggest that Liangdao Red pedigree of clam could be a preferable bioindicator for the metal pollution monitoring based on the more sensitive classes of metabolic changes from digestive glands compared with other two (White and Zebra) pedigrees of clams.     

离子浓度对冻土核磁共振响应信号的影响分析及研究

离子浓度在一定程度上会引起冻土冻融过程中其未冻水的含量变化,进而影响冻土的核磁共振响应.为了研究冻土冻融过程中离子浓度对其核磁共振响应的影响规律,笔者采用的试验样本是将不同浓度的NaCl溶液与马兰黄土混合,配制成NaCl含量不同、初始含水量相同的各样本,研究其弛豫特性.通过分析不同温度点下各样本的核磁共振响应特征,得到不同离子浓度对冻土核磁共振响应的影响规律.结果表明,核磁共振信号幅值随着离子浓度的增大而增大,但是横向弛豫时间T2不受离子浓度影响;在冻土冻融过程中,冻土中流体受温度和离子结晶物化作用的双重影响,样本的未冻水含量在不同温度区间的变化有所不同,但是在大于5℃和低于-20℃区间内,未冻水含量趋于稳定.     

顺磁性物质对冻土核磁共振信号的影响

顺磁性物质的磁化率会随着温度的变化而变化,其引起的磁性不均匀对核磁共振信号有一定的影响.当利用NMR(核磁共振)技术研究冻土冻融物性特征时,冻土中所含的顺磁性物质造成的影响不容忽视.结合目前国内外冻土室内物性试验的研究情况,将顺磁性物质Fe2O3与马兰黄土混合,配制成Fe2O3含量不同、初始含水量相同的各样本,研究其弛豫特性.通过分析各样品的核磁共振信号幅值及横向弛豫时间随温度的变化特征,得到顺磁性物质含量对冻土核磁共振信号的影响规律.结果表明,顺磁性物质能够使孔隙介质中的流体弛豫时间显著减小,并在正温区间顺磁性物质的含量与横向弛豫时间满足某种经验关系式;顺磁性物质也使流体的核磁共振信号幅值显著减小,两者间也满足某种经验关系式;同时,在利用NMR技术分析冻土未冻水含量及孔渗结构时,顺磁性物质的存在会给计算结果带来一定的误差.     

基于NMR技术的超声波频率对煤体激励致裂效果的影响

为了深入研究超声波频率对煤体激励致裂效果的影响,利用超声波发生仪对原始煤样进行致裂实验,并利用低场核磁共振设备NMR设备对煤样进行测量,通过分析弛豫时间T₂曲线,深入研究煤样致裂前后孔隙结构的变化。研究结果表明：超声波可以有效改善煤体的孔隙结构,经超声波激励致裂后,煤样内部的孔隙数量增多,总孔隙率、有效孔隙率及渗透率均明显增大;同时,煤样内部小孔数量的增长率与超声波频率呈负相关关系,中孔和大孔数量、总孔隙率增长率、有效孔隙率及渗透率的增长率与超声波频率均呈正相关关系。研究结果为煤储层超声波致裂增透技术奠定理论基础。     

莺歌海盆地LD10气田砂岩储层可动流体特征与天然气充注下限

针对近海盆地低渗砂岩气藏含气量较低,物性下限不明显的难题,本文进行了莺歌海盆地LD10气田低渗砂岩储层流体可动性、天然气充注下限及充注过程的研究。结果表明：研究区发育3种类型储层,分别为：(1)强溶蚀-大孔粗喉可动型Ⅰ类储层,质量最好,大孔喉为优势运移通道;(2)弱溶蚀-中孔细喉部分可动型Ⅱ类储层,较高动力下储层可动流体占比高;(3)致密-微孔管束喉道束缚型Ⅲ类储层,发育极少大孔喉,含气饱和度差异较大。大孔喉分布、储层物性是控制低渗储层流体可动性的主要因素。综合考虑储层流体可动性的微观与宏观因素,认为LD10气田低渗砂岩储层气体可动性的孔喉半径下限为0.1μm,渗透率下限为0.125×10^-3μm²,Ⅲ类储层致密,可作为遮挡层。天然气充注动力较低或充注初期,Ⅰ类储层为气藏聚集的有利区;当天然气充注动力充足时,Ⅰ类储层既是优势运移通道,也是气藏的优势聚集区,Ⅱ类储层为有效储层。研究成果对低渗砂岩储层有效性的判别和气藏有利区的预测具有借鉴意义。     

储层流体及其在岩石孔隙中的核磁共振弛豫温度特性

温度是影响核磁共振弛豫的一个因素。目前国内各实验室所做的核磁共振实验测量大都局限在室温下,实验温度与地下储集层温度有很大差别,因此有必要研究温度对流体及饱和流体岩石的核磁共振弛豫的影响,提高核磁共振测井资料评价精度。本文选取自由水、不同粘度脱气原油、饱和水以及饱和变压器油的储层贝瑞砂岩和储层碳酸盐岩样品进行核磁共振变温实验,测量温度从25℃变化到90℃。结果表明:自由水和原油的核磁共振横向弛豫时间(T2)都随温度的升高而增大。温度对饱和水贝瑞砂岩和碳酸盐岩核磁共振弛豫的影响不同,饱和水贝瑞砂岩核磁共振横向弛豫时间随温度升高而减小,而饱和水碳酸盐岩横向弛豫时间随温度升高而增大。无论是饱和油的贝瑞砂岩或是饱和油的碳酸盐岩,其核磁共振横向弛豫时间都随温度升高而增大。温度对核磁共振弛豫的影响,会造成室温下得到的横向弛豫时间截止值(T2cutoff)与储层温度下的实际值有偏差,影响储层束缚水饱和度和渗透率的计算结果,建议在核磁共振测井资料解释及应用时应考虑温度的影响。     

地面核磁共振找水方法在中国的应用效果

简要地阐述了地面NMR方法的直接找水原理及特点,并以实例说明了新的找水方法巳在中国11个省区地下水探查中取得出明显成效。建议在提高NMR找水仪抗电磁干扰能力和加大勘探深度方面进行研究,提高新方法的适应性。