THE CONTRASTING EFFECTS OF WILDFIRE AND CLEARFELLING ON THE HYDROLOGY OF A SMALL CATCHMENT

A wildfire in an afforested research catchment presented the rare opportunity to compare the hydrological effects of wildfire with the effects of clearfelling in the same catchment in the Jonkershoek Valley, in the south-western Western Cape Province of South Africa. The timber plantation, which occupies 57% of the 2 km² catchment, had been clearfelled and re-planted to Pinus radiata roughly five years before the fire. The effects of the two treatments on total flow, storm-flow and quick-flow volumes, peak discharge and storm response ratio were determined by means of multiple regression analysis, employing the dummy variable method to test for the significance of treatments. Both clearfelling and wildfire caused significant increases in all the stream-flow variables analysed. But the clearfelling effect was dominated by large increases in total flow (96% over three years), of which storm-flow and quick-flow volumes formed only minor parts. After the wildfire, by contrast, increases in total flow were small (12%) but the storm flow increases were three- to four-fold in the first year and roughly double in the second year. The wildfire caused fire-induced water repellency in the soils which led to overland flow on mid-slope sites, where soil infiltrability normally far exceeds local rainfall intensities. It is argued that these results support the hypothesis that stream-flow generation processes were changed by the wildfire in that overland flow made a direct contribution to storm flows, but that clearfelling had no such effect. © 1997 by John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Research and application on CSAMT constraint inversion

In this paper, according to the method of electrical constraint inversion, we can improve the accuracy of inversion interpretation using the constraint of electrical logging data in the inversion process, which is conducive to obtain more abundant geoelectric information. On the basis of the conventional OCCAM inversion algorithm, the model roughness in the objective function is improved, and the formula of the electrical constraint inversion iterative algorithm is derived in detail based on the modified objective function. Taking the geothermal exploration in Changbai Mountain area as an example, the measured CSAMT data are used as the resistivity model for inversion, and the electrical property is constrained by the actual data from wells drilled in the section. It can be found that the method of electrical constraint inversion can improve the accuracy of inversion interpretation and guide the development of constrained inversion methods in different ways.     

新疆沙尔湖煤田煤层特征及对比

沙尔湖煤田含煤地层为中侏罗统西山窑组,根据岩性特征、含煤性以及其组合特征,将西山窑组分为上、中、下三段,可采煤层均分布在中段,煤层层数多,厚度变化较大,可采煤层6～27层,可采煤层总厚114.35～139.90m,根据各煤层之间的沉积间距及其与上、下岩层的旋回韵律,又将其划分为Ⅰ、Ⅱ、Ⅲ煤组。以大量地质资料为基础,总结了主要含煤层段的岩相组合特点,揭示了各煤层间的差异及组合特征,利用有效的对比方法,特别是数字测井在煤层对比中的应用,对可采煤层进行系统对比分析,对煤层对比的可靠性进行评价,保证了层位对比的正确可靠,并解决了勘查工作中终孔层位难以确定的问题,为正确划分煤系地层、准确估算煤炭资源量提供了可靠依据。     

电磁波测井的现状和发展趋势

作为地球物理测井重要手段之一的电磁波测井能够同时测量井周地层的电导率和介电常数,而这些常数对于评价地层的含油性是至关重要的．前苏联在这方面的研究起步最早,并取得了重要的成果．而目前投入商用的主要美国等石油公司的产品．我国在这方面的研究也起步较早,但由于技术上的原因,目前还没有投入商用的产品．在未来的发展中,应针对一些理论和技术上的难点分别突破,尽快推出我国自己的电磁波测井仪器和解释手段．     

海拉尔油田乌东区块螺旋井壁成因分析与解决方法

自海拉尔油田实施钻井提速以来,部分井出现螺旋井壁现象,对完井电测曲线造成一定影响,影响测井解释的共151口井,比例达15.60%。螺旋井壁现象在乌东区块尤为明显,仅乌东区块发生明显螺旋井达到36口,占乌东区块全部钻井的28.8%。从地质、工程等角度阐述了形成螺旋井的原因,并提出了解决思路与技术措施。2012年下半年在乌尔逊凹陷2口井试验螺旋井壁预防及解决方法,获得了较好的效果,未再大面积出现螺旋井壁现象。     

测井技术新进展综述

在过去几年里,测井技术受石油勘探开发需要所推动,并借助现代电子和信息技术的新成就,发展十分迅速.三分量感应和正交偶极声波等新型成像测井仪器的出现,使地层各向异性研究成了热点.网络测井作为新一代测井系统,处于研制和完善阶段.新的裸眼井测井仪器,如新型的满贯组合测井系统、三分量阵列感应测井仪、油基泥浆电阻率成像测井仪等得到进一步改进.新的套管井测井仪器,如过套管电阻率测井仪、新型脉冲中子类测井仪等不断出现并得到改进.随钻测井系列不断增加,如随钻核磁共振测井、随钻地层测试,等等.新的测量工艺技术,如过套管地层测试、井下永久传感器工艺技术等正日趋成熟.新的测井概念,如测井-取心联作、套管外取心、动电测井、套管钻井测井等,给人耳目一新的感觉.对国外测井技术现状和水平进行全面而深入的研究,对于我们当前的科研和生产具有指导和借鉴作用.本文综合评述了近几年测井技术六个方面的重大进展：（1）岩石物理性质;（2）测井地面系统;（3）裸眼井测井;（4）套管井测井;（5）随钻测井;（6）射孔、取心和测试.在深入研究的基础上探讨了测井技术的发展方向,主要结论是岩石各向异性仍将是岩石物理研究的一个重点,测井传感器的物理模拟和数值模拟在测井仪器的设计中将扮演越来越重要角色,测井地面系统的发展主要集中在网络化、综合化的方向上,井下仪器的发展主要体现在集成化和阵列化的发展方向上.从长远看,随着井下永久传感器和施工工艺技术不断发展和完善,套管井测井中的许多项目最终会被取而代之.随钻测井技术仍将迅猛发展,随钻测井必将逐步取代电缆式裸眼测井.     

测井资料Xu-White模型预测横波速度的一些新观点

目前横波预测的方法大致可以分为两种:经验公式预测和理论岩石物理模型。由于经验公式预测一般具有区域性,研究者更重视岩石物理模型预测。目前大多数岩石物理模型预测横波的方法假定地下流体的物性参数(速度和密度)不受地层深度的影响,且孔隙扁率是恒定的,实际上这并不科学。因为矿物的体积模量和剪切模量随所处地层深度发生改变,而对于孔隙扁率则随颗粒形状、孔隙度等的变化有较大变化。针对这些情况,提出一种新的改进的Xu-White横波预测方法,并可取得较好的效果。     

滇西芒市盆地芒棒组软岩的水文、工程地质特征及其对工程的影响——以芒究煤矿为例

滇西芒市盆地是在喜马拉雅构造运动第Ⅱ幕基础上形成的陆相沉积盆地,该盆地中的上新世芒棒组为河湖相沉积体系。根据矿区钻孔资料,芒棒组在工程地质岩组划分上属半固结软岩,可分为砂岩-砂砾岩软弱岩组、粉砂岩软弱岩组和炭质泥岩-煤层软弱岩组3类,各岩组强度依次为P砂-砾     

鄂尔多斯盆地直罗组地层岩性测井响应特征

为了准确划分直罗组地层岩性、识别地层及解译矿层,通过综合分析鄂尔多斯盆地4个主要铀矿集区侏罗系直罗组地层的定量伽马、自然电位、三侧向电阻率、密度4条测井曲线参数,采用归类统计和测井曲线形态分析,结果显示不同地区直罗组的伽马照射量率数值差异不大,东南缘地区电阻率值明显高于其他地区,密度值变化呈现\     

高岭石—莫来石反应系列：^27Al和^29SiMAS NMR研究

根据艰我国八个不同成因和特征的高岭土样品在４５０－１４５０℃热处理产物的ＭＡＳ ＮＭＲ谱和ＸＲＤ，ＩＲ，ＤＴＡ等研究结果，结合有关资料讨论了高岭石－莫来石反应序列的几个重要问题：１．高岭石的结构，尤其是五配位铝；２．９８０℃放热峰后的高温相是γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３而不是Ａｌ－Ｓｉ尖晶石；３．对于莫来石化过程，认为初始莫来石８５０－９５０℃变高岭石形成，二次莫来石由分凝的ＳｉＯ２和γ－Ａｌ２Ｏ３在１２００－