南极威德尔海周边雪冰和大气气溶胶中的MSA,nssSO_4~(2-)浓度及其比率研究

分析了威德尔海周边雪冰和大气中ＭＳＡ和ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４浓度资料。结果表明,威德尔海是造成这一地区大气中高含量生物硫化物的“源”,其周边岛屿及冰架表层雪冰记载和反映了大气中生物硫化物的空间分布和季节变化特点。源区产出硫化物的强度存在显著差异：靠近南极半岛一侧高于靠近Ｆｉｌｃｈｎｅｒ－Ｒｏｎｎｅ冰架一侧。尽管诸多因素对输运和沉降过程发生影响,表层积雪ＭＳＡ和ｎｓＳＯ２－４浓度仍呈现出很有规律性的空间分布：随沉降地点离海距离和海拔高度的增加,浓度值递减;但在一定海拔之下,“高程效应”不显著。冰芯中ＭＳＡ浓度垂向分布显示出季节分配“滞后”现象,在表层表现为受天气条件制约的输运过程造成的相位差,在深层则归因于有待验证的“迁移”机制作用的结果。大气和雪冰样品对比研究结果表明,在类似威德尔海这样的高纬地区,大气中的ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ“信号”在雪冰样品中会遭到不同程度的减弱。但就空间变化趋势和季节分布而言,表层雪冰仍是大气中组分（在本文是ＳＯ２－４和ＭＳＡ）的良好载体。十分接近的大气和雪冰ＭＳＡ对ｎｓｓＳＯ２－４（或ＳＯ２－４）比率证实,这两种大气组分在由大气洗净和沉降到冰雪过程中只发生微弱的分离作用。这也就是大气和雪冰中     

X-ray spectral evolution of low-mass X-ray binary GX 349+2

We present the results of a systematic investigation of spectral evolution in the Z source GX 349+2, using data obtained during 1998 with the Proportional Counter Array (PCA) on-board the RXTE satellite. The source traced a extended normal branch (NB) and flaring branch (FB) in the colour–colour diagram (CD) and the hardness-intensity diagram (HID) during these observations. The spectra at different positions of the Z-track were best fitted by a model consisting of a disc blackbody and a Comptonized spectrum. A broad (Gaussian) iron line at ∼6.7 keV is also required to improve the fit. The spectral parameters showed a systematic and significant variation with the position along the Z-track. The evolution in spectral parameters is discussed in view of the increasing mass accretion rate scenario, proposed to explain the motion of Z sources in the CD and the HID.     

量子化学方法研究氯代苯酚类化合物对水生物毒性的构效关系

对20个氯代苯酚类化合物进行了CNDO/2量子化学计算,讨论了化合物电子结构与其对水生物翻车鱼(Bluegill)、花鳉鱼(Guppy)、和虾(Shrimp)半致死量之间的关系,分别获得了表示其构效关系的三个线性方程,它们的显著性均远高于α=0.01水平。结果表明:氯代苯酚化合物苯环上碳原子的兀电荷之和(∑Qπ_R)越大苯环上碳原子的净电荷之和(∑Q_R)越大,或LUMO轨道能(E_(LUMO))越低,均使化合物对Bluegill和Guppy水生物的毒性增大;而化合物苯环上羟基邻位的碳原子的兀电荷布居(P_3)越大,同时HOMO轨道能E_(HOMO)越高,则化合物对Shrimp毒性也越大。据此,可预测氯代苯酚类化合物对上述三种水生物的毒性。     

基于航空客流的中国城市对外联系网络结构与演化

改革开放以来,经济全球化和快速城市化促进了中国城市外向型联系的发展,改变了中国城市对外联系的空间格局。越来越复杂化的城市空间分布和组织规律需要一个全新的、综合的网络视角来考察。航空运输是当前城市间相互联系的重要物质基础,体现了城市间的直接关系,是研究城市网络的合适工具。本文以中国城市对外的航空客运联系作为衡量城市关系的指标,借鉴社会网络分析中的2-模网络概念构建了中国城市对外联系网络,并对网络的结构特征和演化规律进行了分析。研究结果表明,中国城市对外联系网络存在北京-上海-广州的三中心结构。中心城市以外,西部城市上升势头迅猛,体现了网络多元化发展的趋势。此外,中国城市对外联系的主要对象逐渐从东南亚向东亚转移,并呈现出以首尔为核心的网络结构。同时,中国城市对外联系扩张以强化区域内部联系为主,洲际联系发展滞后。     

Al掺杂对尖晶石型LiMn2O4结构及循环性能的影响

用柠檬酸作为螯合物的载体,采用溶胶-凝胶法合成了Al3+掺杂的锂离子电池正极材料LiAlxMn2-xO4,并用XRD、SEM等多种测试手段研究了不同掺杂铝量对粉体形貌、晶体结构的影响。结果表明,800℃烧结可获得单一尖晶石结构的物相。随着Al3+掺入量的增加,LiAlxMn2-xO4的晶格常数变小,晶格更趋于完整,有利于抑制因锂的反复脱嵌而造成结构的破坏。实验表明,当掺Al量为0.05时,首次放电容量为103.8 mAh/g,25次循环后容量还有100.6 mAh/g,容量衰减仅为3.08%。该正极材料具备高的容量和优异的循环性能。     

Subarcsec 10μm imaging of bipolar flow sources

We have started a program of high-resolution (0.4/pixel) 10m imaging of bipolar outflow sources using the 10m camera CAMIRAS. We present recent results obtained at the Canada France Hawaii Telescope which reveal extended emission or IR companions in several luminous objects. The extended emission we detected probably arises from transiently heated very small grains, while the newly discovered companions could contribute significantly to the outflow activity and extended far-IR emission usually attributed to the main optical source.     

Oxidation of CO on surface hematite in high CO2 atmospheres

We propose a mechanism for the oxidation of gaseous CO into CO₂ occurring on the surface mineral hematite (Fe₂O₃(s)) in hot, CO₂-rich planetary atmospheres, such as Venus. This mechanism is likely to constitute an important source of tropospheric CO₂ on Venus and could at least partly address the CO₂ stability problem in Venus’ stratosphere, since our results suggest that atmospheric CO₂ is produced from CO oxidation via surface hematite at a rate of 0.4 petagrammes (Pg) CO₂ per (Earth) year on Venus which is about 45% of the mass loss of CO₂ via photolysis in the Venusian stratosphere. We also investigated CO oxidation via the hematite mechanism for a range of planetary scenarios and found that modern Earth and Mars are probably too cold for the mechanism to be important because the rate-limiting step, involving CO(g) reacting onto the hematite surface, proceeds much slower at lower temperatures. The mechanism may feature on extrasolar planets such as Gliese 581c or CoRoT-7b assuming they can maintain solid surface hematite which, e.g. starts to melt above about 1200 K. The mechanism may also be important for hot Hadean-type environments and for the emerging class of hot Super-Earths with planetary surface temperatures between about 600 and 900 K.     

Flow and form in rehabilitation of large-river ecosystems: An example from the Lower Missouri River

On large, intensively engineered rivers like the Lower Missouri, the template of the physical habitat is determined by the nearly independent interaction of channel form and flow regime. We evaluated the interaction between flow and form by modeling four combinations of modern and historical channel form and modern and historical flow regimes. The analysis used shallow, slow water (shallow-water habitat, SWH, defined as depths between 0 and 1.5 m, and current velocities between 0 and 0.75 m/s) as an indicator of habitat that has been lost on many intensively engineered rivers and one that is thought to be especially important in rearing of young fishes. Two-dimensional hydrodynamic models for modern and historical channels of the Lower Missouri River at Hermann, Missouri, indicate substantial differences between the two channels in total availability and spatial characteristics of SWH. In the modern channel, SWH is maximized at extremely low flows and in overbank flows, whereas the historical channel had substantially more SWH at all discharges and SWH increased with increasing discharge. The historical channel form produced 3–7 times the SWH area of the modern channel regardless of flow regime. The effect of flow regime is evident in increased within-year SWH variability with the natural flow regime, including significant seasonal peaks of SWH associated with spring flooding. Comparison with other reaches along the Lower Missouri River indicates that a) channel form is the dominant control of the availability of habitat even in reaches where the hydrograph is more intensively altered, and b) rehabilitation projects that move toward the historical condition can be successful in increasing topographic diversity and thereby decreasing sensitivity of the availability of habitat to flow regime. The relative efficacy of managing flow and form in creating SWH is useful information toward achieving socially acceptable rehabilitation of the ecosystem in large river systems.