Application of the Clean Development Mechanism in the Sanitation Sector: “Proof of Concept”

Greenhouse gas emissions from the waste sector account for only 4% of the total production, with wastewater management accounting for accurately 8 to 10% of this contribution. Wastewater disposal and treatment activities, mainly contributes to non‐CO₂ gases such as methane (CH₄) and nitrous oxide (N₂O). Capturing or avoiding these emissions is thus both a concern and an opportunity. The clean development mechanism (CDM) offers an instrument to internalize global climate concerns into the design of wastewater treatment facilities. Properly designed facilities could improve effluent quality and optimize the abatement of greenhouse gas emissions, thus ensuring additional revenues to pay for capital, operation and maintenance costs and possibly justify higher levels of wastewater treatment. This document summarizes the experience of the “Rio Frio CDM project” in Colombia, as an example of what is achievable through the CDM application in wastewater treatment upgrade in developing countries. This document summarizes the scope of the project, the methodology used to establish current greenhouse emissions and future reductions, and the estimated financial results.     

Geotechnical aspects of domestic on‐site effluent management systems

Geotechnical aspects of domestic on‐site effluent systems (septic tanks) and their impact on groundwaters are discussed and the limited relevant literature is reviewed. While there are few Australian case studies, the early stages of an ongoing study at Dodges Ferry, Tasmania, show a connection between shallow aquifer quality, number of residences and domestic on‐site wastewater disposal practices. Of 26 groundwater samples analysed, a number fail to meet established criteria for potable use. Most samples were highly or very highly saline. This renders them unpalatable and has an adverse impact on vegetation if the water is used for irrigation. Several samples had pH less than 6.0 and those taken from shallow wells were discoloured by leached soil organic matter. Elevated nitrate levels, an indicator of contamination by sewage effluents, were found at nine locations and these were usually associated with small clusters of residences. One very high sample was clearly contaminated by effluent from an adjacent on‐site wastewater disposal system. One odorous, black organic seep was found at the foot of the dunes backing a bathing beach and this gives cause for concern that failing on‐site wastewater disposal systems are contributory to reduced bathing water quality. Faecal coliforms and Escherichia coli were not found, even in samples with the highest nitrate concentrations, suggesting that residence time has been sufficient for bacterial die‐off. Contamination of shallow aquifers is greatest where there is a high density of residences with small lots.     

三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水

通过三相生物流化床处理啤酒废水的实验研究,探讨曝气量和水力停留时间对处理效果的影响,确定最佳曝气量为0.25 m³/h,最佳水力停留时间为1.5 h。在该实验条件下,COD_cr平均去除率在85％以上,生物浓度高达28.31 mg/L,生物膜活性强,同时反应器具有较强的抗冲击负荷能力。     

Assesing the effect of an olive mill wastewater evaporation pond in Sousse, Tunisia

Olive oil is a typical and valuable agro-industrial product in Mediterranean countries. In Tunisia, olive mill wastewaters (OMW) reach an amount of about 1,000,000 t year⁻¹ and constitute a serious organic pollution risk because of the high chemical oxygen demand values and the presence of phytotoxic and antibacterial polyphenols. OMW have been generally stored in pond sites to be eliminated by natural evaporation or valorised by spreading on cultivated soils or by composting. Many researches on the interactions of OMW with soils at laboratory scale (columns) have been reported, but less attention have been paid to the effect of OMW on soils at field scale. The aim of this work is to investigate an area used for >15 years as an uncontrolled OMW pond site. The transformations of soil properties and groundwater occurring during OMW storage were characterised by the pH, phenolic contents, electrical conductivity (EC), moisture content and organic contents. The soil samples were taken from two borings and compared to those of a control one located near the pond site. Groundwater samples were taken on the accessible and nearest water wells to the evaporation ponds. The permeable silty and sandy layers in the site support the infiltration of OMW near the evaporation ponds. This infiltration has reached a depth of 6 m at a distance of almost 50 m laterally. The results show that the OMW infiltration in the subsoil has affected the pH, EC, organic content, phenolic compounds and the moisture.     

苯胺的健康效应研究进展

吡啶、苯胺和硝基苯是重要的化工原料,因其低沸点、易挥发和极性强等特征,极易进入环境水体,并造成污染。基体复杂的印染废水含吡啶、苯胺和硝基苯等多种致癌的含氮有机污染物,排入外环境的印染废水将通过食物链影响人类健康,建立印染废水中三种化合物同时检测的方法对于保障工业外排水质安全至关重要。本文通过优化顶空条件等方法参数,建立了同时检测印染废水中吡啶、苯胺和硝基苯的顶空/气相色谱-质谱法（HS/GC-MS）。取10.0mL样品至预加有4.0g碳酸钠的20mL顶空瓶内,再加入总体积为50µL甲醇,在80℃顶空进样器中平衡60min,最后采用GC-MS检测和外标法定量。结果表明,吡啶（苯胺）和硝基苯的线性范围分别介于1.00～30.0µg/L和0.50～15.0µg/L,相关系数均大于0.992,检出限为0.15～0.93µg/L;对实验室空白和纺织产业园区污水处理厂排放的印染废水进行加标回收检测,平均回收率分别为73.6%～105.8%和67.2%～89.9%,相对标准偏差（RSD）分别为5.9%～14.2%（n=8）和2.2%～11.5%（n=6）。采用本方法检测纺织产业园区印染废水中吡啶、苯胺和硝基苯的浓度分别为1.10～1.13µg/L、1.71～5.36µg/L和未检出～0.19µg/L。该方法提出了有利于提高方法灵敏度的措施,例如加入适量的甲醇和碳酸钠,以及提高样品平衡温度,为印染废水中吡啶、苯胺和硝基苯的同时监控提供技术支撑。

     

一种重金属废水处理剂处理工业含铅废水的研究

用滚动成型的方法将改性天然磷灰石粉末制备成颗粒状水处理剂,并对工业含铅废水进行了静态和动态处理研究.静态实验中该水处理剂去除铅离子的能力可达到661.10 mg/g;动态实验结果表明该水处理剂每1 kg可以处理Pb2 浓度为58.3 mg/L的废水3 m3,出水达到排放标准.对使用过的水处理剂进行高温固化或者添加到粘土中制砖,可避免二次污染.经济分析显示该水处理剂具有很好的应用潜力和开发价值.     

药剂与粉煤灰联合处理再生造纸废水的实验研究

通过混凝实验探讨了用PAC处理再生造纸废水的最佳混凝条件.在此基础上,选用PAM为助凝剂,通过正交实验,获得了较佳的水平条件:先加PAM,质量浓度为3 mg/L,后加PAC,质量浓度为0.2 g/L,反应9 min;处理后的出水经粉煤灰过滤,ρ(COD)可降至37.383 mg/L,ρ(BOD)为20.7 mg/L,浊度为0,pH为11.12,在空气中放置24 h后pH变为8.02.     

壳聚糖基高吸水性树脂的制备与应用进展

高吸水性树脂(Superabsorbent polymers,SAPs)是一种具有优良吸水能力和保水能力的功能高分子材料,因其良好的性能被应用于止血材料、个人卫生产品、干旱地区的农业及林业保水剂、污水处理剂以及生物材料等方面。以天然多糖原料制备新型高吸水性树脂是目前的研究热点之一。本文综述了近年来以海洋生物多糖-壳聚糖为原料制备高吸水性树脂的方法,以及壳聚糖基高吸水性树脂在应用方面的研究进展,并对壳聚糖基高吸水性树脂未来的发展趋势进行了展望。     

反渗透海水淡化水的市政应用研究

反渗透海水淡化水具有洁净、纯度高和供给稳定的特点,可缓解淡水资源匮乏的问题。文章介绍海湾国家、美国和中国反渗透海水淡化水市政应用现状以及一些典型案例,在此基础上,提出政策扶持和企业协调并重、推进装备核心部件和关键技术国产化以及建立健全相关标准和加强监管等建议,以期促进我国反渗透海水淡化水的大规模市政应用。     

响应曲面法和人工神经网络模型对电催化氧化磺胺甲恶唑条件的优化

为获得电催化氧化磺胺甲恶唑的最佳实验条件,通过中心组合设计(CCD)设计实验,建立响应曲面(RSM)和人工神经网络(ANN)两种模型,并评价了两种模型的准确性和预测能力。在此基础上分别通过响应曲面法和遗传算法对所得模型进行优化。结果表明:RSM和ANN的均方误差(MSE)、平均绝对误差(MAE)和决定系数(R^2)分别为2.62、1.13、0.976和0.59、0.62、0.994,说明ANN模型比RSM模型具有更高拟合度、精度和预测能力。响应曲面法和遗传算法的优化结果与实验所得结果的相对误差分别为1.48%和0.74%,说明遗传算法具有更强的优化能力。本研究结果可为优化电催化氧化抗生素废水的条件提供参考。