发展循环经济的城市污水回用研究

城市是社会经济发展的中心区域,因此建设城市循环经济体系和资源节约型社会已成为当务之急。由于水资源短缺和水污染严重已经成为制约城市可持续发展的重要因素,有的地方的水资源短缺甚至成为制约城市发展的最主要因素,而城市污水回用是解决水资源短缺和水环境污染的有效途径,因此,在发展城市循环经济时,应优先考虑城市污水回用问题。文章对我国城市污水回用面临的问题进行了较深入的探讨,并提出了相应的对策措施。     

Adsorption of acid fuchsin onto the chitosan–montmorillonite composite

The chitosan–montmorillonite composites (CTS–MMT) were prepared by CTS in combination with Na-type montmorillonite (Na-MMT). The composites were characterized by X-ray diffraction and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The effects of initial pH value of the solution, adsorbent dose, the mass ratio of CTS to Na-MMT, the adsorption temperature, and contact time on acid fuchsin (AF) removal efficiency were investigated. The results indicated that the CTS could be successfully intercalated into the interlayers of Na-MMT. With the increase in content of CTS, some of them may be distributed on the surfaces of the clay and the AF removal efficiency can reach 80.2% using CTS–MMT as adsorbent to treatment AF wastewater (the AF concentration 20?mg/L) under the condition of pH, 5; adsorbent dose, 5?g/L; the mass ratio of CTS to Na-MMT, 0.25:1; adsorption temperature, 40°C; and contact time, 90?min. Meanwhile, it was shown that the adsorption processes were better fitted by pseudo-second-order model and the Freundlich model.     

Options for the Treatment and Management of Municipal Landfill Leachate: Common and Specific Issues

This paper aims to explore information from the literature for emphasizing the state‐of‐the art and progress in landfill leachate generation, fate and migration, and treatment. Leachate composition is discussed in terms of types of waste disposed and the processes occurring within landfill. The focus is also on potential pathways of environmental contamination by leachate, which may increase environmental and human health risk. The analysis addresses the opportunity and support for decision making concerning alternatives for leachate management and treatment. Advantages and limitations of treatment methods and processes are discussed considering leachate transfer, physico‐chemical methods, biodegradation, and combined methods.     

A Lab-scale Study on the Routes of Nitrogen and Phosphorus Removal in Gravel-based Reed Bed Systems

The removal of ammonia and phosphorus from an artificial wastewater was studied in two lab-scale reed beds.During batch and continuous operations,it was found that ammonia was removed from the wastewater via a two-step process,sorption inside bed matrices followed by nitrification into nitrite and nitrate.Rapid decrease in the concentration of ammonia in the artificial wastewater was observed during the batch operation,whereas during the continuous operation,which lasted for 39 days,the percentage removal of ammonia decreased gradually with time before stabilizing at around 20%.The efficiency of phosphorus removal exhausted rapidly during the continuous operation,from 39% on the first day of operation to virtually zero after only 5 days.The results suggest that sorption (which may include ion exchange,adsorption,and biomass assimilation) serves as an initial step to remove ammonia and phosphorus from the wastewater,prior to any microbial transformations.     

Improving the Quality of Municipal Solid Waste Compost by Using Expanded Perlite and Natural Zeolite

The scope of this study was to investigate the effects of natural zeolite and expanded perlite on the quality of municipal solid waste compost. Various ratios of the materials were added as supplements to the organic fraction of municipal solid waste. These applications were periodically compared with an untreated control process. The results obtained from experimental studies clearly showed that municipal solid waste collected from the metropolitan city center of Samsun, Turkey could not be composted without any additions due to the very high moisture content, which reached up to 75–80%. In the untreated control process, thermophilic temperatures were not supported during the composting. In this system, ammonia and other odors became a problem because of the high pH levels, and the electrical conductivity was too high for aged compost. However, the addition of natural zeolite and expanded perlite had a positive affect on the quality of the final compost. Natural zeolite trapped ammonium and reduced nitrogen losses from the compost. Expanded perlite held excess moisture and supported improved aeration. The results also indicated that the use of natural zeolite together with expanded perlite in municipal solid waste composting processes produced mature and stable compost.     

亚硫酸制浆废液CODB与BOD5的相关性研究

根据对稀释配制的亚硫酸制浆废液(中段水)进行曝气,测定不同时间CODcr的值,通过数据图解处理法得到可生化化学耗氧量(CODB)。经与同批样品实测BOD5值进行换算,对其平均值结果进行方差分析。结果表明:误差结果为9.26%,即由作图法测定的CODB值与BOD5测试法的值非常接近,对亚硫酸制浆废液的生化处理研究具有实际意义。     

香蒲、灯心草人工湿地的研究─Ⅲ.净化污水的机理

通过香蒲Ｔｙｐｈａ ａｎｇｕｓｔｉｆｏｌｉａ和灯心草Ｊｕｎｃｕｓ ｅｆｆｕｓｕｓ人工湿地微生物分布状况的调查,水生植物生长状况的观察,研究了介质、水生植物和微生物三者净化污水的作者,探讨了人工湿地对污水中污染物质的去除机制。研究表明,人工湿地对污水的氮、磷的化学耗氧量的去除作用是介质、水生植物和微生物综合作用的结果,粘性土壤和花岗石介质更利用于污水中磷的去除。     

填埋场粘土类防渗系统研究进展

作为防止污染物扩散的防渗系统是填埋场中最重要的部分之一。在总结国内外众多有关填埋场粘性土防渗系统研究成果的基础上,阐述了粘土类防渗系统的工作机理;从粘性土阻滞特性、污染物运移、改性与替代材料以及防渗系统设计等4个方面综述了粘土类防渗系统研究的最新进展;并据此认为,非饱和渗透特性、吸附效应及基于吸附－扩散效应的设计方法等将成为今后填埋场粘性土防渗系统研究的主要问题。     

人工湿地植物研究

本文阐述了植物在人工湿地污水净化过程中作用及存在的若干问题,提出了研究人工湿地植物的一些设想,植物在人工湿地中起着非常重要的作用,不但直接摄取利用污水中的营养物质、吸收富集污水中的重金属等有毒有害物质;而且输送氧气到根区,提供根区微生物生长、繁殖和降解对氧的需求;还能维持和加强人工湿地系统内的水力学传输,但目前人工湿地植物的应用还存在着枯死衰退、杂草丛生和根系扩展较浅等问题,影响人工湿地的净化功能,通过对人工湿地植物生理生态特性如气体代谢、光合作用、逆境生理和相生相克等研究,筛选出优良植物种类,创造适宜人工生,将有利于发育发挥湿地植物功能,提高人工湿地污水处理能力。