针对砂土应变软化强非线性问题的动态松弛有限元法研究

对于密实砂土峰值后应变软化特性引起的材料强非线性问题,利用常规有限元所采用的隐式算法很难求解,而动态松弛法在求解这类非线性问题方面却具有独特的优势。针对砂土应变软化强非线性问题,将动态松弛法与有限单元法相结合,提出了一种新的动态松弛有限元法。该方法根据动态松弛法的显式特性,由中心差分法导出了动态松弛有限元法的基本控制方程,并实现了对应力-应变空间中整个平衡路径的追踪。将动态松弛法嵌入到非线性有限元程序中,即可对砂土材料应变软化引起的强非线性问题进行有限元数值计算。该有限元程序中,应力更新采用回归映射算法。最后通过对砂土平面应变压缩试验进行有限元模拟,验证了动态松弛有限元法在求解材料强非线性问题方面的优越性。     

Multi-scale entropy analysis of Mississippi River flow

Multi-scale entropy (MSE) analysis was applied to the long-term (131 years) daily flow rates (Q) of the Mississippi River (MR) to investigate possible change in the complexity of the MR system due to human activities since 1940s. Unlike traditional entropy-based method that calculates entropy at only one single scale, the MSE analysis provided entropies over multiple time scales and thus accounts for multi-scale structures embedded in time series. It is found that the sample entropy (S _E) for Q of the MR and its two components, overland flow (OF) and base flow (BF), generally increase as time scale increases. More importantly, it is found that there have been entropy decreases in Q, OF, and BF over large time scales. In other words, the MR may have been losing its complexity since 1940s. We explain that the possible loss in the complexity of the MR system may be due to the major changes in land use and land cover and soil conservation practices in the MR basin since 1940s.     

水对亚临界裂纹扩展的影响

利用Instron1342型电液伺服材料试验机,采用双扭常位移松弛法对花岗岩试件在空气中及饱和水两种条件下进行了亚临界裂纹扩展试验研究,获得了相应的裂纹扩展速率V与应力强度因子KI的关系（KI -V曲线）及亚临界裂纹扩展参数,讨论了两种环境下裂纹亚临界扩展的规律,并对两种环境下亚临界裂纹扩展参数进行了对比分析。研究表明：采用常位移松弛法所测试的两种条件下的lgKI -lgV关系都有很好的线性规律。在双对数坐标空间中,含饱和水试件的lgKI -lgV曲线位于空气中试件lgKI -lgV曲线的左上角,曲线斜率减小,而截距增加。在同一应力强度因子水平上,含饱和水试件的裂纹扩展速度大,说明水能加速亚临界裂纹扩展,与实际相一致。     

Electromagnetic signals generated by the electric polarization during the constrained deformation of rocks

The results of synchronous observations of the electric field on the shallow crustal layers of the Earth’s crust and the microseismic vibrations are presented. On the basis of the coincidence of the statistics of the electric and microseismic pulses of the relaxation type, and, also, the fact that the indicated pulses accompany each other, the conclusion is reached about the unique source of both pulses. The constrained rotation of the structural block during its relaxation is considered as such a source. A mechanism is proposed for the generation of electromagnetic signals, connected with the separation of electric charges as a result of the rapid change in the stress-strain state of the rocks of a complex hierarchic-block structure. A model developed by the authors, for the generation of electromagnetic signals during the relaxation processes in the Earth’s crust of a heterogeneous structure, is presented.     

基于概率松弛标示法的冰川表面流动场计算

利用概率松弛标示法,通过检测冰川裂隙、雪丘等小尺度表面特征的位移计算冰川等非刚性物体的流动场,能够得到较高精度.首先进行了模板尺寸大小对冰川表面的敏感性分析,得出当模板尺寸大小为21×21时相关系数的分布较佳;使用了最大相关法和概率松弛标示法对冰川表面流动场进行计算,对比使用这两种方法的计算结果.概率松弛标示法以周围模板的流动方向为背景场,在候选向量集中选择与背景场一致性最强的向量作为最终结果.使用两景TM影像计算了阿克赛钦湖水系一条冰川的流动场,结果显示,冰川以3~4 m·a^-1的速度沿坡面运动,运动速度矢量平行于主流线.     

应变控制下压实黄土的动三轴试验研究

在动应变控制条件下,对压实黄土进行了应力松弛特性研究,得出应力松弛随湿度、围压、激振频率和初始应变变化的关系。对压实黄土在动应变控制方式下的振陷进行了研究,结果表明：压实黄土的振陷时间很短,振陷量随围压、频率的增加而减小,随着湿度的增加而增加。在试验及理论推导基础上,提出了压实黄土在动应变控制下的动力流变试验模型。研究结论对实际工程中处理压实黄土的振陷,有一定的理论指导意义。     

Metal exposure and biological responses in resident and transplanted blue mussels (Mytilus edulis) from the Scheldt estuary

The Western Scheldt river and estuary is known to be highly polluted as it receives industrial, agricultural and domestic effluents from one of the most populated and industrialised zones in Europe. Aquatic organisms are exposed to pollutants, specifically metals that are present in different environmental phases, e.g. dissolved, suspended material or sediment phases. The objective of this study was to study the relationship that exists between environmental metal levels, the degree of metal uptake by aquatic organisms with the concomitant biological responses. For this purpose the bivalve mollusk, Mytilus edulis, was selected as bioaccumulation indicator organism. Environmental (water and sediment) and mussel samples were collected during the late winter (March 2000) from sampling sites in the Scheldt estuary. Sites were selected to represent a salinity gradient from the mouth of the estuary to the furthest distribution area of mussels upstream in the system. Together with standard water quality parameters (e.g. salinity, dissolved oxygen, dissolved organic carbon, etc.) concentrations of twelve metals were analysed in the water (dissolved and suspended matter) and sediments. Levels of these metals were also measured in the soft tissue of M. edulis, together with concomitant biomarker responses in resident mussel populations at each site. The biomarkers that were included in this study were condition index, scope for growth, survival in air, cell membrane stability, DNA damage, and metallothioneins. Data were subjected to multivariate statistical analysis. The physico-chemical parameters and metals in the environmental samples clustered the sites to reflect the distribution based on the salinity gradient. Bioaccumulation results revealed increased metal uptake along a pollution gradient with the highest metal bioaccumulation occurring at the upstream most sites and therefore closest to the in the industrial activities. However, the biomarker responses clustered the sites in a manner that reflected the influence of combination of internal exposure (bioaccumulation) and external exposure (physico-chemical conditions). These differences in biomarker responses clearly demonstrated were attributed to abiotic factors other than metal pollution alone e.g. localized short-term increases in increased suspended sediment concentrations and decreased dissolved oxygen concentrations.     

盾构衬砌管片土压力反分析研究

作用在管片上的土压力是影响管片设计的关键因素之一。目前松弛土压力的计算理论存在较多假定,与实际受力状态存在很大的差异,而且由于壁后注浆使得盾构隧道管片土压力实测比较困难,普遍存在土压力实测数据可靠性不高的问题。针对以上问题,建立了一种管片土压力反演分析方法,根据相对易于测定的管片内力实测数据,采用最优化方法反演作用在管片上的土压力的大小和分布。反演计算结果表明,深埋与浅埋条件下隧道土压力有较大的不同,且与目前设计土压力假定的分布也有很大的区别。     

饱和岩石的时温等效关系

通过饱和岩石的低频共振实验 ,探讨了饱和岩石热激活的驰豫过程 ,获得饱和岩石的驰豫个性和驰豫共性 ,二者在找矿勘探和大型岩土工程中均具有理论意义和实际应用价值     

2011年日本9.0级地震的同震位错以及震后应力松弛过程对中国大陆的影响

本文基于日本GEONET的GPS观测资料, 对日本2011年9.0级地震的同震和震后形变过程进行了研究。 结果表明, 日本9.0级地震使中国大陆出现了显著的同震位移, 几乎对整个中国大陆都有影响。 位移量在中国东北地区最大, 接近甚至超过该地区的年运动速率。 震后1年观测到的形变基本上可由沿着断层面的蠕滑进行模拟, 粘弹松弛的贡献不大。 根据所得到的震后蠕滑模型, 震后1年形变所释放的能量等同于发生一个8.7级地震, 其影响主要在东部地区, 最大位移约为年运动速率的30%。 预测在未来2年, 该地震的影响范围将逐渐减小。 地震造成的粘弹松弛在未来50~100年的尺度上, 对东北地区有拉张效应。 日本9.0级地震整体上起到了卸载中国大陆在板块间挤压过程中所累积应变能的作用, 因此该地震发生后的几个月, 中国大陆东部的地震活动水平较震前明显降低。