Unsupervised image segmentation evaluation and refinement using a multi-scale approach

In this study, a multi-scale approach is used to improve the segmentation of a high spatial resolution (30 cm) color infrared image of a residential area. First, a series of 25 image segmentations are performed in Definiens Professional 5 using different scale parameters. The optimal image segmentation is identified using an unsupervised evaluation method of segmentation quality that takes into account global intra-segment and inter-segment heterogeneity measures (weighted variance and Moran’s I, respectively). Once the optimal segmentation is determined, under-segmented and over-segmented regions in this segmentation are identified using local heterogeneity measures (variance and Local Moran’s I). The under- and over-segmented regions are refined by (1) further segmenting under-segmented regions at finer scales, and (2) merging over-segmented regions with spectrally similar neighbors. This process leads to the creation of several segmentations consisting of segments generated at three different segmentation scales. Comparison of single- and multi-scale segmentations shows that identifying and refining under- and over-segmented regions using local statistics can improve global segmentation results.     

基于多尺度DTM的坡式梯田三维可视化研究

针对黄土高原梯田可视化问题,以往的相关研究基本解决了水平梯田的三维可视化,但关于坡式梯田的研究尚为空白。坡式梯田因其具备更加突出的人工微地形特性,难以通过传统的DEM可视化方法实现其三维可视化。该文提出了多尺度DTM叠加法,利用偏移线法、高程增量法等方法提取田埂坡度特征,将研究区的低分辨率格网DEM(G-DEM)、坡式梯田分布区的高分辨率坡度DTM及G-DEM融合为一体,对坡式梯田进行三维叠加可视化。与传统G-DEM可视化方法相比,多尺度DTM叠加可视化法不仅所需数据存储量更小,而且具备更加逼真的坡式梯田三维可视化效果,能够有效显示坡式梯田的平坦田面和陡直田埂,是对基于DEM的梯田地形三维可视化的有益探索。     

Patterns of diversity of the Monte Desert small mammals across multiple spatial scales

The relationship between spatial scale and biodiversity patterns is a highly debated topic in ecology. We evaluated the partition of small mammal diversity at multiple spatial scales and analyzed protected areas in order to evaluate their role of protecting biodiversity at the regional scale. Diversity of small mammals in the Monte Desert was quantified at the regional biome scale (96,000 km²) (γ) and partitioned at three spatial scales: aridity range (α₃,n = 6,16 000 km²), locality level (α₂,n = 18,2-3 ha), and habitat patch (α₁,n = 51,0.6 ha). We estimated their diversity using an additive approach with three indices (richness, Shannon-Weiner, Simpson). Diversity was higher than expected at the “between aridity range (β₃)” scale, but lower at the “within-habitat scale (α₁)”. Alpha was higher than beta diversity for most spatial scales; and at the regional scale protected areas preserved a higher biodiversity than unprotected ones. Our results are the first to partition the diversity of desert small mammals at multiple spatial scales and to support the hypotheses of an irregular scale dependence of alpha and beta diversity when increasing the spatial scales. They also highlight that a better understanding of biodiversity patterns is gained when several tools are integrated and combined at different spatial scales.     

华南植被覆盖稀有金属矿集区快速探测评价体系的建立与应用

针对中国华南稀有金属矿集区植被厚、多云雾、地质环境复杂等特点,文章提出了植被覆盖区稀有金属矿床快速评价方法技术体系,通过实践探索实现了稀有金属"空、天、地"一体化快速有效探测.该体系分为3个层次,第一层次是利用多尺度、小比例尺高空光学遥感卫星厘定区域构造格架及活动期次、结合已有地质科技成果确定成矿有利区;第二层次为地表...     

Theory of delayed response in river morphodynamics: Applicability and limitations

The delayed response of fluvial rivers to external disturbances has been described by many researchers.To simulate such behavior,the rate law model(or the delayed response model) was developed by previous researchers,and has been applied to a series of river morphological problems.However,to date,the applicability of the rate law model has not been fully understood.In the current paper,a physicallybased analysis of the rate law model is presented to assess the responses of bed elevation and the ...     

EarthEnv-DEM90: A nearly-global,void-free,multi-scale smoothed, 90m digital elevation model from fused ASTER and SRTM data

A variety of DEM products are available to the public at no cost, though all are characterized by trade-offs in spatial coverage, data resolution, and quality. The absence of a high-resolution, high-quality, well-described and vetted, free, global consensus product was the impetus for the creation of a new DEM product described here, ‘EarthEnv-DEM90’. This new DEM is a compilation dataset constructed via rigorous techniques by which ASTER GDEM2 and CGIAR-CSI v4.1 products were fused into a quality-enhanced, consistent grid of elevation estimates that spans ∼91% of the globe. EarthEnv-DEM90 was assembled using methods for seamlessly merging input datasets, thoroughly filling voids, and smoothing data irregularities (e.g. those caused by DEM noise) from the approximated surface. The result is a DEM product in which elevational artifacts are strongly mitigated from the input data fusion zone, substantial voids are filled in the northern-most regions of the globe, and the entire DEM exhibits reduced terrain noise. As important as the final product is a well defined methodology, along with new processing techniques and careful attention to final outputs, that extends the value and usability of the work beyond just this single product. Finally, we outline EarthEnv-DEM90 acquisition instructions and metadata availability, so that researchers can obtain this high-resolution, high-quality, nearly-global new DEM product for the study of wide-ranging global phenomena.     

Indoor scene reconstruction using feature sensitive primitive extraction and graph-cut

We present a method for automatic reconstruction of permanent structures, such as walls, floors and ceilings, given a raw point cloud of an indoor scene. The main idea behind our approach is a graph-cut formulation to solve an inside/outside labeling of a space partitioning. We first partition the space in order to align the reconstructed models with permanent structures. The horizontal structures are located through analysis of the vertical point distribution, while vertical wall structures are detected through feature preserving multi-scale line fitting, followed by clustering in a Hough transform space. The final surface is extracted through a graph-cut formulation that trades faithfulness to measurement data for geometric complexity. A series of experiments show watertight surface meshes reconstructed from point clouds measured on multi-level buildings.     

数值天气预报业务模式现状与展望

20 0 4年是数值天气预报理论提出 10 0周年 ,同时也是数值天气预报业务化应用 5 0周年。经过百年的发展历程 ,数值天气预报学科有了飞跃的发展。特别是最近 10多年来 ,大气科学以及地球科学的研究进展 ,高速度、大容量的巨型计算机及网络系统的快速发展 ,更加快了数值天气预报的发展步伐。文中从模式动力框架、物理过程参数化、模式程序软件等方面对数值天气预报业务模式现状进行了简要综述 ,对存在的问题进行了探讨 ,并对数值天气预报业务模式的未来发展作了展望。当前数值天气预报业务模式发展的特点有 :(1) 2 0世纪 90年代中期以来 ,各国的全球和区域模式水平和垂直分辨率都有明显提高 ,且模式物理过程也同步进行改进 ;数值预报业务模式已进入了大规模并行计算的阶段 ;(2 )主要发达国家和中国都正在致力于研发各自的新业务数值预报模式———非静力 (多尺度 )一体化模式或非静力中尺度模式 ,部分国家的新一代天气 气候一体化数值模式已业务运行 ;(3)业务数值预报模式正在朝着不断完善的方向发展。随着模式分辨率的提高 ,云物理过程、陆面过程和湍流过程、考虑坡度 -坡向因子的辐射过程等在模式中的参数化方案 ,以及模式垂直坐标的选择越来越受重视 ,这些物理过程的描述成为业务数值模式改进的重点和     

基于ERA-interim再分析资料的近30年九龙低涡气候特征

利用ERA-interim再分析资料,统计分析了1986年1月1日—2015年12月31日不同生命史九龙涡的时空分布特征和活动规律。结果表明:持续1—2个时次的九龙涡（T_1-2JLV）和3—4个时次的九龙涡（T_3-4JLV）初生高频中心位于27°—28.5°N,100°—101.5°E,持续5—6个时次的九龙涡（T_5-6JLV）初生高频中心位于29°—30.5°N,102°—103.5°E,持续时间大于7个时次的九龙涡（T_≥7JLV）初生高频中心位于28°—29.5°N,101.5°—103.5°E,生命史越长越易生成于四川盆地的西南部;九龙涡生成频数30年呈增长趋势,但近几年呈下降趋势;九龙涡生成频数随月份大致呈先增加后减少的变化趋势,1—5月随月份增加,5—12月随月份减少,5月最大,9月最小,3月T_1-2JLV生成最多,9月最少,4月T_3-4JLV生成最多,12月最少,6月T_5-6JLV、T_≥7JLV生成最多,1—4月无T_5-6JLV生成,12月T_≥7JLV生成最少,夏季九龙涡频数虽不是最高,但最易生成长生命史九龙涡,且最易移出源地;生命史低于24 h的九龙涡（T_1-2JLV、T_3-4JLV）夜发性不突出,生命史超过24 h的九龙涡（T_5-6JLV、T_≥7JLV）具有显著的夜发性特征;移出源地的九龙涡频数随月份表现出先增加后减少的变化趋势,1—6月随月份增加,6—12月随月份减少,6月移出源地的频数最多。T_≥7JLV的移动路径以偏东路径为主,6月后有东南路径和东北路径,T_5-6JLV移出路径只有偏东路径和东北路径,生命史小于24 h的九龙涡由于靠近统计区边缘地区也有可能移出源地。      

长江梅雨的长期变率与海洋的关系及其可预报性研究

采用最新发布的梅雨国家标准资料,以长江区域梅雨为代表,在分析区域梅雨的多时间尺度变化特征的基础上,从海洋外强迫影响因子角度探讨了梅雨的可预报性来源,进一步综合海洋背景变率和预测模型回报试验讨论梅雨异常的可预报性。结果表明:（1）长江梅雨呈现周期为3-4、6-8、12-16、32、64 a的多时间尺度变化分量和长期减少趋势。其中,3-4 a准周期变化是梅雨异常变化的主要分量。梅雨的干湿位相转变受12-16 a的准周期变化调制,极端涝年易出现在12-16 a准周期变化湿位相和3-4 a变化分量峰值位相叠加的情况。（2）长江梅雨的各准周期变化分量有不同的海洋外强迫背景,是梅雨可预报性的重要来源。与时间尺度较短的年际变化分量相关联的海温关键区主要分布于热带,而与时间尺度较长的年代际或多年代际变化分量相联系的海温关键区则来自中高纬度。3-4 a准周期变化分量的海洋外强迫强信号随季节变化由前冬的ENSO（厄尔尼诺-南方涛动）转为春末夏初的印度洋偶极子（IOD）。6-8和12-16 a年准周期变化分量的海洋强迫关键区主要位于太平洋。准32和准64 a周期振荡则受北太平洋多年代际变化（PDO）和北大西洋多年代际变化（AMO）的共同影响。梅雨的长期变化趋势则与全球变暖背景及以PDO为代表的年代际海洋外强迫因子相联系。（3）尽管梅雨异常与ENSO的正相关关系呈现减弱趋势,但20世纪70年代以后的梅雨异常年际变化分量的可预报性有所增大。（4）将梅雨各变化分量作为预测对象分别建模,进一步构建梅雨异常预测统计模型。采用该模型对近5年梅雨预测进行独立样本检验,有较好的回报效果,验证了梅雨异常年际分量可预报性的稳定性以及基于多时间尺度分离建立梅雨预测模型的优越性。