重庆市气候灾害监测预警系统设计

阐述了建设重庆市气候灾害监测预警系统的意义,介绍了系统设计方案、系统结构与功能、气候灾害指标以及在试运行中的监测效果,最后描述系统后期的完善设计思路及欲达的目标。     

EAF implementation in Southern Africa: Lessons learnt

The practical implementation of an ecosystem approach to fisheries (EAF) management has proved difficult to achieve. Without simple and structured guidelines for implementing an EAF, managers are grappling with the complexity of implementation and the need to prioritise resources and management actions. Ecological risk assessment has been put forward as a structured procedure. There is a need to review regularly whether progress is being made in addressing the issues and priorities identified through ecological risk assessment. Such reviews require a framework providing clear objectives for the respective fishery and delineating the steps required towards their achievement. This paper proposes a generic framework for reviewing ecological risk assessments through stakeholder workshops. This framework is aided by a fuzzy logic tool to track EAF implementation and informs the development of proactive work plans which incorporate EAF objectives. The advantages and disadvantages of a generic and participatory approach are discussed and compared with other related methods for evaluating progress in implementing an EAF.     

土地退化评价与监测技术路线的研究

在对 90年代后期国内外土地退化评价与监测主要进展分析基础上 ,归纳出了绝对、相对和差异三种退化的评价思想 ;直接运用图象处理软件 ,通过监督非监督分类选择几个基于RS、GIS的指标 ,给定不同的权重综合地确定土地退化类型和程度的两种技术监测路线。最后 ,结合中国的实际情况 ,以沙质荒漠化为例提出了在绝对退化思想指导下 ,通过确定土地退化生态基准的时空尺度 ,建立监测区内典型土地退化类型与程度的标准信息资源库 ,GIS数据与RS数据相融合的土地退化评价与监测的技术路线框架。     

基于数值模拟与卫星遥感的填海施工悬浮物监测——以大连海上人工岛机场建设为背景

本文以大连海上人工岛机场建设为背景,采用计算机数值模拟与遥感技术监测填海施工引起的悬浮物扩散状况。根据工程海域的潮流特点,构建了水动力及悬浮物扩散模型,模拟了涨落潮状态下填海施工产生的悬浮物扩散情况;通过采集现场悬浮物浓度,利用我国环境灾害监测预报小卫星(HJ-1A/1B)的遥感数据进行回归分析,建立了悬浮物反演模型,得到施工海域悬浮物分布的反演结果。对比遥感反演与数值模拟结果,显示两者基本吻合,表明本文方法能够揭示填海施工造成的大范围悬浮物的扩散规律,对于制定填海施工的环境保护措施、评价海洋环境影响具有借鉴意义。     

天然气主干网长期沉降监测信息管理系统构想

本文从管理和技术双重角度出发，通过对上海市地面沉降情况以及其对天然气主干网影响的分析，提出利用先进的信息管理系统（IS）建立上海市天然气主干网长期沉降监测管理信息系统的构想，籍此系统对工程进行管理，期愿对上海天然气主干网的科学化管理有所帮助。     

Assessing the impact of pollution on aquatic systems at a global and regional level

In developing a methodology for the ongoing Global International Waters Assessment, major gaps have become apparent in our ability to make comparative assessments of pollution. A pragmatic impacts scoping methodology has been developed and tested. A more effective assessment protocol however, requires a better knowledge of the relationship between pollution sources and biological effects with less reliance on chemical monitoring.     

Controlling introduced predators in the Gibson Desert of Western Australia

Three introduced predators, the dingo (Canis lupus dingo), the fox (Vulpes vulpes) and the feral cat (Felis catus) are widespread throughout the arid interior of Western Australia. While the dingo has been present for an estimated 3500–4000 years, the fox and the feral cat are relatively recent arrivals and have been implicated in the modern decline and in some cases extinction of arid zone fauna, especially medium size mammals. This paper reports on a long-term, large-scale project aimed at developing control strategies for these introduced predators. Broad area control of foxes and dingoes in the Gibson Desert using 40–60 g dried meat baits impregnated with the poison sodium monofluoroacetate (1080) and delivered by aircraft at a density of 5 baits km⁻² proved to be highly effective. Following a single aerial baiting of some 1600 km², foxes and dingoes were virtually eradicated from a core area for up to 15 months, but feral cats appeared to increase in abundance. Two aerial baitings (each 400 km²) carried out during periods of below average rainfall using a small (about 30 g) fresh meat bait developed to be attractive to feral cats reduced their abundance by an estimated 75% and 100% when baits were delivered at a density of 10 and 22 km⁻², respectively. A third aerial baiting at a density of 11 baits km⁻² carried out during a period of above average rainfall reduced feral cat density by only 25% when surveyed 3 months after baiting. Baiting density, frequency and season are key factors likely to affect the impact of baiting on feral cat populations. Preliminary studies reveal that the home range of feral cats in this environment varies from about 700 to 1200 ha. Reptiles and small native mammals form the major dietary items of feral cats and the seasonal variation in abundance of these items is likely to affect bait uptake. These observations have important implications for control strategies.     

Are temporal variations in the nitrate content of UK upland freshwaters linked to the North Atlantic Oscillation?

Synchronous patterns of variation in NO₃ concentration, observed in upland lakes and streams across gradients of climate, altitude, land use and nitrogen deposition over the last decade, show a strong negative correlation with winter values for the North Atlantic Oscillation Index and mean winter temperature. Variations in a longer term stream NO₃ record validate this relationship, and although mechanisms are yet unclear, may be linked to the length of time the soil profile remains frozen during the winter. These findings are of particular significance to our understanding of the relationship between atmospheric N deposition and concentrations and fluxes of NO₃ in runoff, and the potential response to future climatic changes. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

东海陆架表层水温年际变化时空特征分析

结合东海沿岸嵊山(北)和厦门(南)站1960—2001年海表温度(SST)监测数据与东中国海1982—2011年AVHRR水温资料,讨论了台站监测的空间代表范围,分析了东海陆架SST年际变化的时空特征。结果表明,嵊山和厦门站SST变化分别代表内陆架和台湾海峡。东海陆架52年来SST总体呈升温趋势,冬季最为显著;内陆架的升幅远大于台湾海峡。内陆架水温冬季分别在1977年和1995年发生两次跃升,共升温2.34℃;春、夏、秋季均在1994年发生冷暖转折,分别升高1.19℃、1.43℃和1.16℃。台湾海峡水温冬季在1989年跃升0.91℃,夏季在1987年跃升0.38℃,春、秋季则在1996—1997年间分别升温0.80℃和0.58℃。全年水温变化最大处在长江口附近内陆架海区,可能的主导因素是低盐水与外海水混合:随季风、降水、径流变化的沿岸流、长江冲淡水和台湾暖流给该区域带来不同水团,使得热量向下层输运减少,从而导致东海内陆架升温快于其它海区。