Molecular characterisation of vitrinite in relation to natural hydrogen enrichment and depositional environment

The Py-GC/MS results of the study carried out on two groups of vitrinites (perhydrous and non-perhydrous) of different age and properties and on a trimaceralic coal associated with one of the perhydrous group are discussed. Such a study provides information about the effect of natural hydrogen enrichment on vitrinite structure at the molecular level. Moreover, the influence of the different conditions in the sedimentary environment on the chemical structure of the vitrinite is also discussed. This influence is inferred through differences in the distribution and relative amount of phenolic compounds found in the pyrolysates from two samples of two different coal-beds in the same basin but formed under different paleoenvironmental conditions. For vitrinites with a high H/C atomic ratio, despite having a strong perhydrous character, their pyrolysates exhibit the highly phenolic signature typical of lignin-derived material with only minor aliphatic compounds. Thus, the major chemical structural elements in these vitrinites are simple phenols with a high contribution of para alkyl-substituted derivatives. However, there is no parallel relationship between the evolution of the oxygenated functionalities and the reflectance values. From the results obtained a coalification pathway where hydrogenation processes predominate over thermal ones is proposed. The presence of resin-like substances and/or oils (which are two of the causes of natural hydrogen enrichment) in the molecular structure of vitrinites have, therefore, affected the normal evolution of the lignin and contributed to the special properties of this type of materials.     

几种天然玻璃的氧平均体积

通过计算天然玻璃的氧平均体积,发现该值对于雷公墨来说基本为一常数,未显示出冲击压力的影响。火山玻璃的氧平均体积与沸石、橙玄玻璃相近,由此得出沸石、橙玄玻璃形成时体积变化趋势。氧平均体积与密度的倒数成良好直线关系,不同玻璃有不同的直线。橙玄玻璃的氧平均体积和其中水的分子体积表明水是以单个分子进入玻璃结构,类似“结晶水”和“沸石水”,而不是聚合状态的水。     

Equations of state of CaSiO3 Perovskite: a molecular dynamics study

The molar volumes and bulk moduli of CaSiO₃ perovskite are calculated in the temperature range from 300 to 2,800 K and the pressure range from 0 to 143 GPa using molecular dynamics simulations that employ the breathing shell model for oxygen and the quantum correction in addition to the conventional pairwise interatomic potential models. The performance of five equations of state, i.e., the Keane, the generalized-Rydberg, the Holzapfel, the Stacey–Rydberg, and the third-order Birch–Murnaghan equations of state are examined using these data. The third-order Birch–Murnaghan equation of state is found to have a clear tendency to overestimate the bulk modulus at very high pressures. The Stacey–Rydberg equation of state degrades slightly at very high pressures along the low-temperature isotherms. In comparison, the Keane and the Holzapfel equations of state remain accurate in the whole temperature and pressure range considered in the present study. K ₀′ derived from the Holzapfel equation of state also agrees best with that calculated independently from molecular dynamics simulations. The adiabatic bulk moduli of CaSiO₃ perovskite along lower mantle geotherms are further calculated using the Keane and the Mie-Grüneisen–Debye equations of state. They are found to be constantly higher than those of the PREM by ~5%, and also very similar to those of the MgSiO₃ perovskite. Our results support the view that CaSiO₃ perovskite remains invisible in the Earth’s lower mantle.     

旅行时分解法初至折射波静校正及其应用

在煤田地震勘探中,当第四系地层厚度较薄时,从野外观测到资料处理都较难得到来自第四系地层底界的反射波,因此无法解释第四系地层厚度问题,而这一问题又常常是要解决的地质任务之一。并且第四系地层厚度的变化也直接影响了深层反射波的叠加效果和构造形态。就此,文章介绍一种初至折射波静校正方法──旅行时分解法,及其在资料处理与解释中的应用。     

基于震源垂向组合的浅层低速带多次反射折射波压制方法

低速带发育地区地震记录中的多次反射折射波严重影响波场中相近的反射波,导致反射波形态畸变,影响了对地震资料的正确解释。在阐明浅层低速带多次反射折射波产生机理和传播规律的基础上,提出垂向组合双震源的压制方法。根据勘探前期小折射、微测井等方法获取浅层参数信息,结合多次反射折射波与有效波之间相对位置关系,给出需要对多次反射折射波进行压制的前提条件,然后根据震源组合公式计算得到垂向组合参数可选范围,用于调整低速带中垂向设置的两个震源的相对位置,在不影响目的层反射波的基础上压制多次反射折射波。在正演模拟和黄土塬勘探区试验中,对比了常规单炮记录与震源垂向组合记录。结果表明：震源垂向组合方法在一定程度上能较好地压制浅层低速带多次反射折射波,有效提高地震数据信噪比和解释精度。     

Levels and distributions of organic source tracers in air and roadside dust particles of Kuala Lumpur,Malaysia

The concentrations of n-alkanes, unresolved complex mixture (UCM), petroleum molecular markers, other tracers of cooking and burning emissions, and natural background in atmospheric particles and roadside dust particles were measured at eight locations in the city center and the suburbs of Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. Atmospheric particles were collected using high-volume filtration (PM-10, GFF) over 24 h average periods. Road dusts were swept up, dried and sieved. Both types of samples were extracted with dichloromethane/methanol mixture (3:1 v/v) by ultrasonic agitation. The extracts were then fractionated by column chromatography and the alkanes subjected to gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS). Total extracts were also analyzed directly by GC–MS after silylation. The molecular distributions of compounds as well as diagnostic geochemical ratios were determined in order to identify the sources of the organic compounds. Samples collected from a rural area and lubricating oils were also analyzed for comparisons. Anthropogenic and biogenic sources such as vehicular emissions, waxes of higher plants, food cooking operations, and biomass and domestic refuse burning processes contributed to the organic matter content of atmospheric and to lesser extent, roadside dust particles.     

工程地震折射波解释方法研究进展

地震折射波勘探是工程与环境地球物理中应用最为广泛的方法之一。作为一种简洁方便又经济实惠的勘探方法,它可为工程地质提供近地表地层起伏变化和速度横向变化以及潜水面变化资料等。随着工程地质勘查和城市地质勘探工作的发展,工程地震折射波法数据处理与解释变得尤为重要。本文主要介绍了浅层地震折射波法的发展历程、应用条件,并总结和讨论了几种主要折射波解释方法的原理。在此基础上,比较并讨论了各种方法在应用中的优势和不足,阐述了近年来国内外浅层地震折射波法的发展现状及趋势,并着重介绍了作为研究热点的折射层析成像方法。研究表明：当探测深度较浅且分界面足够平整、界面倾角较小时,最方便的解释方法是截距时间法;当勘探目标的深度达到25 m时,t₀差数法最为适用;勘探目标埋深超过25 m时,应当使用广义互换法。随着勘探精度要求越来越高,使用折射波走时层析成像技术可以满足纵横向速度变化的近地表地层,包括大倾角地层、隐伏层、界面起伏层等。     

综合折射静校正方法在柴达木盆地的应用

在表层结构调查资料的约束下, 利用大炮初至折射静校正方法反演出精确、合理的表层结构模型, 进而求取炮点、检波点静校正量.选定柴达木盆地北极星工区04314测线进行地震模型数值模拟, 并对模型数据和野外地震资料进行多种静校正方法对比分析研究, 综合折射静校正方法的误差最小, 叠加效果最好.表明综合折射静校正方法结合了模型静校正和折射静校正的优点, 不仅较好地解决了影响剖面信噪比的短波长静校正问题, 同时也能解决产生虚假构造的长波长静校正问题.      

古代生物分子与分子考古学

分别论述了从古DNA，古蛋白质，类脂化合物等古代生物分子的尺度去研究人类的起源和迁移，动，植物的家养和驯化过程及早期农业的发展，考古点动植物骸的精确鉴定，新的定年技术以及古气候的变化等与考古学相关的许多重要问题，对分子考古学及其应用进行综述，并就在我国开展分子考古学研究提出了展望。