基于HY-2A微波散射计海面风场资料的台风风剖面信息提取研究

台风风剖面信息是直观反映与台风中心不同距离的各点与平均风速关系的曲线,它是确定各级台风风圈范围的重要基础。本文利用HY-2A微波散射计海面风场资料,结合Holland风场模型提出了一种新的台风风剖面信息提取方法,并选取2012–2017年期间16期典型台风进行应用。结果表明:34 kt与50 kt风圈半径的平均均方根误差为37.6 km与18.3 km,该方法具有较好的适用性和精度。本研究对于描述台风结构特征及潜在的破坏力和台风可能的影响范围具有一定的现实意义。     

Numerical modelling of railway ballast at the particle scale

The paper describes the development of a technique to simulate triaxial tests on specimens of railway ballast numerically at the particle scale and its validation with reference to physical test data. The ballast particles were modelled using potential particles and the well‐known discrete element method. The shapes of these elemental particles, the particle size distribution and the number of particles (N = 2800) in each numerical triaxial specimen all matched closely to the real ballast material being modelled. Confining pressures were applied to the specimen via a dynamic triangulation of the outer particle centroids. A parametric study was carried out to investigate the effects on the simulation of timestep, strain rate, damping, contact stiffness and inter‐particle friction. Finally, a set of parameters was selected that provided the best fit to experimental triaxial data, with very close agreement of mobilized friction and volumetric strain behaviour. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

地图中半线半面符号的设计与研究

针对地图中的一类特殊符号,提出了半线半面符号的概念,对这类符号的构造特点进行了研究,在此基础上,采用面向对象的思想对该类符号进行了结构化描述,并在计算机环境下实现了半线半面符号的自动绘制。     

NUMERICAL SIMULATIONS OF THE PACIFIC MERIDIONAL MODE IMPACTS ON TROPICAL CYCLONES ACTIVITY OVER THE WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC

Based on analyses of the relationship between Pacific Meridional Mode (PMM) and number of tropical cyclones (TCs) activity over the western North Pacific, the impacts of the PMM on Tc activity over the western North Pacific are studied using numerical simulations with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (CAM3) of National Center for Atmospheric Research (of USA). The result shows that the PMM has impacts on the large-scale generating environment of TCs, thus affecting their number and strength. The numerical simulations using the NCAR CAM3 indicate that with the inclusion of the forcing from sea surface temperature (SST) of the PMM, there appears a decreased magnitude of the vertical zonal wind shear, large proportion of relative humidity, anomalous westerly wind at low levels and anomalous easterly wind at high levels, in association with anomalous cyclonic circulation at low levels and anomalous anti-cyclonic circulation at high levels over the tropical western Pacific. Thus, the PMM provides favorable environment for the typhoon genesis. In the sensitivity experiment, TCs have larger strength, lower SST at the center, stronger tangential wind at 850 hPa and intensified warm cores at high levels. In this paper, the simulation results are similar to that in the data analyses, which reveals the important impact of the PMM on TC activity over the western North Pacific.     

基于KNN的地基可见光云图分类方法

云图的自动分类是实现地基云自动化观测的技术保障。该文探讨了一种先将云图分为积状云、层状云和卷云3大类的分类方案,通过对3大云类和晴空这4种天空类型的纹理特征、颜色特征和形状特征进行分析,选取了21个特征参量,并采用K最近邻分类器 (K-Nearest Neighbor,KNN), 在不同的K取值情况下对这几类天空类型进行了分类识别。结果表明:新的分类方案是可行的,且当纹理特征、颜色特征和形状特征结合使用时获取了比单独利用纹理特征、颜色特征和形状特征以及它们两两组合时更好的识别效果。当K=7且使用21个特征参量时,KNN算法对积状云、层状云、卷云和晴空的识别最好, 识别正确率分别为91.1%,74.4%,70.0%和100.0%,平均正确率为83.9%。     

应用“形状贴近度”分析法估算黄土塬区潜水补给时间

本文介绍了应用＂形状贴近度＂分析法估算黄土塬区潜水补给时间,阐述了方法的建立,并以实例叙述了方法运用的正确性。为黄土塬区地下水合理开发利用及黄土研究提供了基础资料。     

The missing Myopus: plugging the gaps in Late Pleistocene small mammal identification in western Europe with geometric morphometrics

Lemmus and Myopus are two lemming species with distinct habitat requirements but which show very similar dental morphologies. They are thus extremely difficult to distinguish from one another in the fossil record on the basis of their dental remains, leading to poor understanding of the palaeobiogeographical evolution of Myopus as well as inaccurate palaeoenvrionmental reconstructions. Currently, the presence of Myopus in the fossil register from the Pleistocene is still debated and no firm occurrence of this lemming in western Europe has yet been confirmed for the Late Pleistocene. In this paper, we used geometric morphometrics on modern material to establish morphological differences between Lemmus and Myopus teeth (first lower and third upper molars). Morphological data were then used to build a robust linear discriminant model able to confidently classify isolated teeth of these two genera, and finally, linear discriminant models were used on fossil remains of Lemmus/Myopus from two Late Pleistocene archaeological/palaeontological sites (Grotte des Gorges and Gully Cave). This study demonstrates, for the first time, the presence of Myopus schisticolor in west European Late Pleistocene sites between the end of Marine Isotope Stage 3 and the beginning of the Holocene, during climatic events that favoured the development of taiga forest of birch and pine in these regions.     

Computing Streamfunction and Velocity Potential in a Limited Domain of Arbitrary Shape. Part I: Theory and Integral Formulae

The non-uniqueness of solution and compatibility between the coupled boundary conditions in computing velocity potential and streamfunction from horizontal velocity in a limited domain of arbitrary shape are revisited theoretically with rigorous mathematic treatments.Classic integral formulas and their variants are used to formulate solutions for the coupled problems.In the absence of data holes,the total solution is the sum of two integral solutions.One is the internally induced solution produced purely and uniquely by the domain internal divergence and vorticity,and its two components(velocity potential and streamfunction) can be constructed by applying Green’s function for Poisson equation in unbounded domain to the divergence and vorticity inside the domain.The other is the externally induced solution produced purely but non-uniquely by the domain external divergence and vorticity,and the non-uniqueness is caused by the harmonic nature of the solution and the unknown divergence and vorticity distributions outside the domain.By setting either the velocity potential(or streamfunction) component to zero,the other component of the externally induced solution can be expressed by the imaginary(or real) part of the Cauchy integral constructed using the coupled boundary conditions and solvability conditions that exclude the internally induced solution.The streamfunction(or velocity potential) for the externally induced solution can also be expressed by the boundary integral of a double-layer(or singlelayer) density function.In the presence of data holes,the total solution includes a data-hole-induced solution in addition to the above internally and externally induced solutions.     

几种统计相似方法的适用性比较

针对前人对各种相似性度量的预报检验结果,从公式出发,分析证明了相似离度与海明距离具有相同性质,探讨了相似离度在相似预报中使用的局限性。利用2010年5月1—30日08时东亚区域850 hPa高度场96个站点资料,对几个常用相似量及作者提出的新相似量进行相似选择试验,结果表明：（1）相似离度与海明距离非常接近,选出的相似样本80%以上是相同的;（2）相似离度与相关系数差异最大,选出的相似样本70%以上是不同的;（3）新相似量与相关系数较接近,60%是相同的。相似离度与海明距离反映的是样本间＂距离＂的接近程度,相关系数和新相似量反映的是样本间的形状接近程度。     

利用几何矩和叠置分析进行多尺度面要素自动匹配

针对地图中重要的面要素的自动匹配问题进行了研究。由于在实际情况中,多尺度同名面要素在位置上可能偏差较大,又存在非一对一的匹配关系,现有的方法均难以进行有效匹配。为解决这个问题,首先提取面要素的全局形状特征,并给出了一种快速获取候选匹配面要素组合的方法,然后利用几何矩获取面要素组合的质心,在将待匹配面要素与组合面要素的质心相互重合后,通过计算重叠相似度来判定多尺度面要素之间的匹配关系。实验表明,本文方法即使在同名面要素存在较大位置偏差,甚至非均匀位置偏差时,仍可有效地处理面要素的一对一和一对多两种匹配关系,从而拓展了面要素匹配方法的适用范围,降低了对外界条件的要求和限制。