Dominant SST Mode in the Southern Hemisphere Extratropics and Its Influence on Atmospheric Circulation

The variability in the Southern Ocean(SO) sea surface temperature(SST) has drawn increased attention due to its unique physical features; therefore, the temporal characteristics of the SO SST anomalies(SSTA) and their influence on extratropical atmospheric circulation are addressed in this study. Results from empirical orthogonal function analysis show that the principal mode of the SO SSTA exhibits a dipole-like structure, suggesting a negative correlation between the SSTA in the middle and high latitudes, which is referred to as the SO Dipole(SOD) in this study. The SOD features strong zonal symmetry, and could reflect more than 50% of total zonal-mean SSTA variability. We find that stronger(weaker) Subantarctic and Antarctic polar fronts are related to the positive(negative) phases of the SOD index, as well as the primary variability of the large-scale SO SSTA meridional gradient. During December–January–February, the Ferrel cell and the polar jet shift toward the Antarctic due to changes in the SSTA that could be associated with a positive phase of the SOD, and are also accompanied by a poleward shift of the subtropical jet. During June–July–August, in association with a positive SOD, the Ferrel cell and the polar jet are strengthened, accompanied by a strengthened subtropical jet. These seasonal differences are linked to the differences in the configuration of the polar jet and the subtropical jet in the Southern Hemisphere.     

热带太平洋-印度洋海温联合模及其气候影响

本文基于观测资料和LICOM2.0模拟结果的分析研究,简要介绍讨论了太平洋—印度洋海温(异常)联合模(PIOAM)的存在、特征、演变及其影响等问题。热带太平洋—印度洋区域乃至全球范围的海表温度异常(SSTA)资料进行EOF分解,都清楚表明其第一分量在热带太平洋—印度洋的空间形态与太平洋—印度洋海温(异常)联合模(PIOAM)非常相似,说明PIOAM是热带太平洋—印度洋实实在在存在的一种海温异常模态。对应PIOAM的正、负位相,热带印度洋和西太平洋地区的夏季(JJA)850 hPa距平风场有近乎相反的异常流场形势;对流层低层的Walker环流支和亚洲夏季风都出现了不同特征的(近乎相反)异常;在PIOAM正(负)位相将使得100 hPa的南亚高压位置偏东(西)。对热带太平洋和印度洋温跃层曲面上的海温异常(为了方便将其称为SOTA)进行EOF分解,发现其第一模态也是一个三极子模态,即当赤道中西印度洋大部分海域与赤道中东太平洋大部分海域偏暖(偏冷)时,赤道东印度洋和赤道西太平洋大部分海域则偏冷(偏暖);它与太平洋—印度洋表层的PIOAM十分类似,也表明PIOAM在海洋次表层也是存在的。高分辨海洋环流模式LICOM2.0的模拟结果,无论是对太平洋—印度洋表层还是次表层的PIOAM的特征和演变都刻画得很好,这从另一个角度进一步说明PIOAM是热带太平洋—印度洋实际存在的一种海温变化模态。PIOAM正、负位相不仅对亚洲及西太平洋地区的天气气候有非常不一样的影响(不少地方有反向的特征),还会对南北美洲和非洲一些地区产生不同影响;而且其影响与单独的厄尔尼诺(El Ni?o)及印度洋偶极子(IOD)都不尽相同。     

斜拉桥索塔施工线形检测方法研究

斜拉桥是一种采用强度很大的拉索将主梁直接拉在稳定的索塔上,组成一个组合受力体系的桥梁。索塔作为整个斜拉桥的主要受力构件,对施工和测量的精度要求很高,为了保证索塔的施工质量,需要对索塔的线形进行检测。本文在参阅大量文献的基础上,结合大桥索塔的工程实践,采用最小二乘法进行平面拟合得到索塔表面的平面方程,再通过两个对应的平面求交得到所需要的索塔线形,最后利用Matlab对索塔线形进行三维建模得到所需要的三维模型。通过对三维模型与设计线形进行对比分析,得到索塔的实际线形与设计线形的偏差,达到检测索塔线形的目的。     

南大洋气旋气候与变化特征

A new climatology of cyclones in the Southern Ocean is generated by applying an automated cyclone detection and tracking algorithm(developed by Hodges at the Reading University) for an improved and relatively highresolution European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts atmospheric reanalysis during 1979–2013.A validation shows that identified cyclone tracks are in good agreement with a available analyzed cyclone product.The climatological characteristics of the Southern Ocean cyclones are then analyzed,including track,number,density,intensity,deepening rate and explosive events.An analysis shows that the number of cyclones in the Southern Ocean has increased for 1979–2013,but only statistically significant in summer.Coincident with the circumpolar trough,a single high-density band of cyclones is observed in 55°–67°S,and cyclone density has generally increased in north of this band for 1979–2013,except summer.The intensity of up to 70% cyclones in the Southern Ocean is less than 980 h Pa,and only a few cyclones with pressure less than 920 h Pa are detected for1979–2013.Further analysis shows that a high frequency of explosive cyclones is located in the band of 45°–55°S,and the Atlantic Ocean sector has much higher frequent occurrence of the explosive cyclones than that in the Pacific Ocean sector.Additionally,the relationship between cyclone activities in the Southern Ocean and the Southern Annular Mode is discussed.     

居民地要素化简的形状识别与模板匹配方法

针对居民地要素的分布和表达具有典型模板化特点,本文通过对其形状结构和区域环境进行分析,运用形态抽象概括和区域环境典型化基本原则构建一批模板作为居民地目标化简与典型化表达的候选形状,并基于转角函数的形状描述算子,计算居民地目标与模板之间的相似性程度。该方法从形状认知的角度出发,通过寻找与目标形状结构特征相似的模板替换原目标来完成化简操作,能较好地保持居民地目标的整体形状结构特征,同时兼顾了综合前后的面积均衡。通过真实数据进行试验,结果表明该方法具有较强的可靠性和实用性,可规模化应用于地形图上的地图综合实践。     

Comparison of different numerical approaches to the 1D sea-ice thermodynamics problem

The vertical one-dimensional sea-ice thermodynamic problem using the principle of conservation of enthalpy is revisited here using (1) the Bitz and Lipscomb (1999) finite-difference approach (FD), (2) a reformulation of the sigma-level transformation of Huwald et al. (2005b) (FV) and (3) a Finite Element approach also in sigma coordinates (FE). These three formulations are compared in terms of physics, numerics, and performance, in order to identify the best choice for large-scale climate models. The BL99 formulation sequentially treats the diffusion of heat and the changes in the vertical position of the ice-snow layers. In contrast, the FV sigma-level transformation elegantly treats both simultaneously. The original FV formulation suffers however from slow convergence. The convergence can nonetheless be improved significantly with a few simple modifications to the original code. The three formulations are compared following the experimental protocol of the Sea Ice Model Intercomparison Project for ice thermodynamics (SIMIP2). It is found that all formulations converge to the same solution. The FD approach, however, suffers from the added cost of the remapping step at large number of ice layers (we include in the appendix an optimized version of the FD code–written by one of the reviewer–that resolves this issue). Finally the FE formulation results in a sub-surface temperature over-estimation at low resolution, a problem which disappears at high resolution. Hence, only FD and FV are found suitable for climate models.     

音频大地电磁法对断层分辨能力的正演模拟及其应用

通过几个模型的正演模拟,在分析不同模型正演响应的TM模式Bostick一维反演断面特征的基础上,探讨了点距、点位、第四系低阻层对AMT法定位断层的影响以及AMT法对断层的位置、倾向、倾角、发育深度等特征的分辨能力。研究表明,在点位和点距布设合理的情况下,AMT法对断层倾向、发育平面位置的推断是可靠的。最后,通过AMT法在太行山区找水的应用实例,验证了正演模拟方法的实用性。     

深异形地下连续墙施工技术研究

对深异形地下连续墙施工的关键点进行了系统的研究、探讨,归纳出了深异形地连墙施工的7个关键环节。分别对这7个重点问题进行了论述,并通过工程实例,对其应用效果加以验证。     

冕宁泸沽铁矿山矿区矿体形态变化特征及找矿方向

泸沽铁矿是我国的富铁矿产地之一,矿石品位高、ＴＦｅ平均品位５８．５６％,大部分矿石达到了平炉富矿的工业要求。本文对矿区的矿体形态变化特征进行了总结,对矿床成因进行了探讨,并提出了找矿方向,对在近外围寻找富矿,扩大矿区远景具有现实意义     

西藏罗布莎不同类型铬铁矿的特征及成因模式讨论

蛇绿岩地幔橄榄岩中产出的豆荚状铬铁矿是铬的主要来源。已有的研究表明,豆荚状铬铁矿形成于洋中脊或俯冲带的浅部地幔环境。但随着近些年在豆荚状铬铁矿及围岩地幔橄榄岩中不断发现金刚石等深部矿物,人们也开始质疑豆荚状铬铁矿的浅部成因理论。本文系统研究了西藏雅鲁藏布江蛇绿岩带东段的罗布莎豆荚状铬铁矿床,识别出两类铬铁矿,一类以方辉橄榄岩为围岩的致密块状铬铁矿(Cr1#),另一类是以纯橄岩壳为围岩的浸染状铬铁矿(Cr2#)。两类铬铁矿在铬尖晶石的矿物化学成分、PGE和Re-Os同位素特征上存在较大差别,属不同演化过程的结果。地幔橄榄岩的地球化学特征指示罗布莎橄榄岩中存在由低铬且轻稀土亏损和高铬且轻稀土富集的两类方辉橄榄岩。在此基础上,提出豆荚状铬铁矿为多阶段形成的新认识,经历了早期俯冲至地幔过渡带(410~660km)的陆壳和洋壳物质被脱水和肢解,过渡带产生的热和流体促成了地幔的熔融和Cr的释放和汇聚;铬铁矿浆在地幔柱/地幔对流驱动下,运移至过渡带顶部冷凝固结,并有强还原性的流体进入,后者携带了深部形成的金刚石、斯石英等高压矿物,并进入"塑性-半塑性地幔橄榄岩"中;随着物质向上移动,深度降低,早期超高压相矿物发生相变,如斯石英转变成柯石英,高压相的铬铁矿中出溶成柯石英和单斜辉石;在侵位过程和俯冲带环境,含水熔体与方辉橄榄岩反应形成了不含超高压矿物的规模相对较小的浸染状铬铁矿(Cr2#)及纯橄岩壳。