基于带状震源破裂机制的斜坡动力响应

对紧邻发震断裂带的崩滑体进行动力响应分析时,考虑断裂带宏观破裂机制,即带状震源形成的地震动力作用对斜坡的影响更符合实际。依据汶川地震震源破裂机制与其空间位置差异,将该带状震源从发震断裂起破点至终破点依次分段为逆冲震源、逆冲兼少量走滑震源、逆冲兼走滑震源与走滑兼少量逆冲震源,基于此对汶川地震触发的四川安县大光包崩滑体在龙门山发震断裂带即带状震源作用下的动力响应特征进行了离散元数值模拟,揭示了其动力形成机制、触发主控因素和损伤、崩滑及堆积动态特征。研究表明：（1）依据该崩滑体离散元数值模型临界崩滑状态形成时间与此时发震断裂带破裂前锋所处位置关系,可判断其临界破坏是受到逆冲兼少量走滑震源引起的地震动力作用所致,而临界崩滑之前的坡体损伤主要由纯逆冲震源所致,其后的抛射碰撞破碎与堆积则主要受临界破坏时的地震惯性力和自身重力耦合作用所致,但由逆冲兼走滑与走滑兼少量逆冲震源形成的地震力仅对上述两个破坏过程起到了一定影响;（2）该崩滑体在带状震源作用下的动力响应过程为：在损伤至崩滑临界破坏阶段,坡体整体向其临空面发生了较大程度的水平位移后,潜在滑床又向坡体临空面反方向发生了一定程度的水平位移,致使潜在滑体完全破碎并处于与滑床彻底分离的临界状态;在坡体崩滑抛射阶段,坡体滑床发生了相当规模的反方向水平位移,其后滑床又开始做向坡体临空面方面的水平位移并直至其总体位移为0,而在此过程中竖向位移相对较小。对滑体而言,其在损伤、临界崩滑和抛射阶段则主要做向其临空面的水平位移,直至堆积自稳阶段其位移趋于稳定;（3）该坡体的损伤和临界崩滑破坏主要受纯逆冲震源及其少量走滑震源形产生的水平地震力作用所致,而在坡体抛射碰撞破碎与堆积阶段,滑体的动力响应主要是基于地形因素控制上的地震惯性力与自身重力作用所致,而后两种类型震源机制形成的水平和竖向地震力仅起到一定影响。     

Efficient subset simulation for evaluating the modes of improbable slope failure

For analyzing low probability slope failures, a modified version of subset simulation, based on performance-based subset selection rather than the usual probability-based subset selection, is combined with the random finite element method. The application to an idealized slope is used to study the efficiency and consistency of the proposed method compared to classical Monte Carlo simulations and the shear strength reduction (SSR) method. Results demonstrate that failure events taking place without strength reduction have different modes of failure than stable slopes brought to failure by SSR. The correlation between sliding volume and factor of safety is also demonstrated.     

Wind Tunnel Experiment of Anti-erosion Efficiency on the Sand Beds Coverd by Different Shapes of Roughness-Elementes

In order to study the relationship between the shapes of roughness-elements on sand beds and the surface sand activity inhibition, we chose six shapes of elements including spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical, square shape, pie and hemispherical shape by hand with equal quality kept. We carried out the experiment with the 10% coverage on the wind tunnel. The results revealed that ① the erosion and anti-erosion rate of spherical, triangular pyramid shape, cylindrical and square roughness-elements were better than the pie and hemispherical on the non-sand wind; ② On the sand-driving wind conditions, spherical, triangular, cylindrical covered beds became erosion to erosion-deposition with the increase of wind speed, and the erosion rate was increased with the wind speed. When the wind speed was more than 10 m/s, the sand-beds showed a strong erosion, and the pie and hemispherical elements’ resistance function were weakest; ③ No matter the non-sand wind or sand wind, the erosion rate was affected by the elements’ aspect ratio, height and spacing. The slender elements with a prominent upper edge were clearly superior to broad rounded elements.     

定位统计图表的几何定位与基础图表构建

归纳和总结了定位统计图表表达的理论,给出了定位统计图表的数学模型,并根据统计图表的坐标系维度对其进行了分类。通过统计图表的定位方式抽象出定位图元的几何类型,并相应给出了定位参数的计算方法。最后程序化地实现了直方图、柱状图、扇形图、饼状图、玫瑰图等基础图表的几何定位和自动构建,极大地提高了定位统计地图的设计水平和制作效率。     

基于等高线簇分析的复杂建筑物模型重建方法

近年来,基于LIDAR点云数据的建筑物重建模型一直是研究的热点。目前,出现的许多算法对简单建筑物,如平顶房屋、人字行屋顶及其他规则房屋的重建取得了不错的效果,但是,对于结构复杂的建筑物重建问题仍然有待解决。针对这一问题,本文提出了一种利用等高线簇分析从LIDAR数据中自动重建复杂建筑物模型的新算法。该算法是一种自底向上的数据驱动方法,以等高线所反映出的建筑物轮廓特征为基础,充分利用等高线封闭性和明确的拓扑关系,采用等高线形状分析的方法来实现建筑物的检测和模型识别与重建。算法实现分为4个步骤,首先,通过对LIDAR点云数据的DELAUNAY三角化跟踪提取等高线,然后利用等高线的长度,面积等形状参数来提取建筑物等高线,再通过拓扑分析,以及形状匹配的方法对等高线进行分簇,得到同一建筑物不同组成部分的等高线簇,最后,对各簇等高线进行模型参数优化并按拓扑关系进行重组得到完整的建筑物模型。通过对多层次、多曲面等复杂建筑物的重建实验证明了此方法的可行性。     

考虑自退磁影响的三维复杂形体磁场正反演研究进展与展望

忽视自退磁效应的影响,会导致磁异常反演结果的误差,影响地质解释的效果,这使得人们在实际应用中不得不考虑退磁的影响.本文对考虑自退磁影响的三维复杂形体磁场正演和反演方法进行了系统总结,论述了各种方法的特点和实际应用中的困难,提出了考虑自退磁影响的三维复杂形体磁场正反演研究的发展方向.     

一种去除地震背景噪音的新方法

结合希尔伯特-黄变换方法,根据信号背景噪音时间延续性假设,提出了一种自适应地震信号去噪算法。利用该算法实现了台站地震监测信号的去噪分析。分析表明：1）该去噪算法能根据背景信号特性有效去除信号的低频干扰;2）该算法可自适应完成信号分解去噪,计算效率高,无时间分辨率和频率分辨率问题;3）该算法处理高频干扰存在缺陷,有待进一步完善。     

Combined effect of rheology and confining boundaries on spreading of gravity currents in porous media

One-dimensional flows of gravity currents within horizontal and inclined porous channels are investigated combining theoretical and experimental analysis to evaluate the joint effects of channel shape and fluid rheology. The parameter $\beta$ governs the shape of the channel cross section, while the fluid rheology is characterised by a power-law model with behaviour index n. Self-similar scalings for current length and height are obtained for horizontal and inclined channels when the current volume increases with time as $t^{\alpha }$.For horizontal channels, the interplay of model parameters $\alpha \text{,}n$, and $\beta$ governs the front speed, height, and aspect ratio of the current (ratio between the average height and the length). The dependency is modulated by two critical values of $\alpha \text{,}{\alpha }_{\beta }=n/(n+1)$ and ${\alpha }_n=(2\beta +1)/\beta$. For all channel shapes, ${\alpha }_{\beta }$ discriminates between currents whose height decreases ($\alpha <{\alpha }_{\beta }$) or increases ($\alpha >{\alpha }_{\beta }$) with time at a particular point. For all power-law fluids, ${\alpha }_n$ discriminates between decelerated currents, with time-decreasing aspect ratio ($\alpha <{\alpha }_n$), and accelerated currents, with time-increasing aspect ratio ($\alpha >{\alpha }_n$). Only currents with time-decreasing height ($\alpha <{\alpha }_{\beta }$) and aspect ratio ($\alpha <{\alpha }_n$) respect model assumptions asymptotically; the former constraint is more restrictive than the latter.For inclined channels, a numerical solution in self-similar form is obtained under the hypothesis that the product of the channel inclination $\theta$ and the slope of the free-surface is much smaller than unity; this produces a negligible error for $\theta >2°$, and is acceptable for $\theta >0.5°$. The action of gravity in inclined channels is modulated by both the behaviour index n and the shape factor $\beta$. For constant flux, the current reaches at long times a steady state condition with a uniform thickness profile. In steep channels and for sufficiently long currents, the free-surface slope becomes entirely negligible with respect to channel inclination, and the constant thickness profile depends only on n.Theoretical results are validated by comparison with experiments (i) in horizontal and inclined channels with triangular or semicircular cross-section, (ii) with different shear-thinning fluids, and (iii) for constant volume and constant flux conditions. The experimental results show good agreement with theoretical predictions in the long-time regime.Our analysis demonstrates that self-similar solutions are able to capture the essential long-term behaviour of gravity currents in porous media, accounting for diverse effects such as non-Newtonian rheology, presence of boundaries, and channel inclination. This provides a relatively simple framework for sensitivity analysis, and a convenient benchmark for numerical studies.