藏东南泥石流沟纵剖面演化的最小功模式

西藏东南地区的泥石流可分为雨水、冰雪融水和冰湖溃决等3种成因类型,其沟谷纵剖面演化均遵循最小功原理,即通过调整坡降使流速增大,表现为单位流体的全程流速平均值ū与纵剖面形态指数N正相关:ū∝f(N),对雨水型泥石流沟,流速函数f(N)={1/3-2/[(N+1)(N+2)(N+3)]}^1/2;对融水型泥石流沟,f(N)={2/3-2/[(N+1)(N+3)]}^1/2;对溃决型泥石流沟,f(N)=[NP(N+1)]^2/3。在泥石流沟谷演化进程中,与ū值由小变大相应,N值由小变大,沟谷纵剖面从上凸抛物线形变为下凹抛物线形,泥石流沟谷地貌演化阶段按泥石流孕育阶段、发展阶段、旺盛阶段、衰减阶段的顺序演替。以藏东南典型泥石流沟作为实例,检验了上述沟谷地貌演化的模式与规律。     

Discrete simulations of a triaxial compression test for sand by DEM

A quasi‐static homogeneous drained triaxial compression test on cohesionless sand under constant lateral pressure was simulated using a three‐dimensional discrete element method. Grains were modelled by means of particle clusters composed of rigid spheres or spheres with contact moments imitating irregular particle shapes. Attention was paid to the effect of initial void ratio and grain shape mixture on the shear strength, volume changes, force chains, kinetic, elastic and dissipated energies. In addition, the effect of the mean grain size, grain size distribution, grain size range, specimen size and roughness and stiffness of boundaries was numerically analysed in initially dense sand. Some numerical results were compared with available experimental results. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

基于动态图像法的河流砂和湖滩砂粒形-粒度特征对比

对沉积颗粒大小、形态特征的量化和解释,是沉积动力条件分析和古地理重建的重要内容之一.图像法作为粒度分析的标准,长期受制于样本量小、效率低等困难.基于动态图像法的新型粒度粒形分析系统可在几分钟内获取多达n×107个颗粒的形状和大小信息,为沉积环境重建和动力条件分析提供了新的机会.本文基于两组样品(青藏高原的湖滩砂和黄河中游的河流砂)的动态图像粒度粒形数据,定量分析和对比了湖滩与河流两种环境沉积颗粒的粒度、粒形特征及其异同.结果表明,样品组成颗粒的球度与均值粒度之间整体上存在明显的反相关,球度-粒度曲线可大致划分为斜率不等的三段:占据颗粒绝大多数的中段(C.S.)球度适中,斜率最小;细端(F.T.)球度大,斜率也大;粗端(C.T)球度小,斜率小且不稳定.结合天然沉积颗粒的形状和密度特征,本文认为这些不同斜率的段落可能源于沉积颗粒密度效应和形状效应导致的粒度分异.对比研究表明,湖滩砂与河流砂在粒形-粒度曲线形态与分段特征方面均存在明显差异,两组样品在不同粒形参数(球度—长宽比—凹凸度)三角图和不同球度分段所对应颗粒体积百分比(C.T.-C.S.-F.T.)三角图中均能完全分离.这些事实表明基于动态图像分析的粒度粒形分析可望成为一种潜在的第四纪环境重建工具,在环境研究中有助于对天然沉积物物源特征以及风化、侵蚀、搬运和堆积过程的认识和理解.     

水下滑翔器整体外形设计及水动力性能分析

对水下滑翔器的整体外形设计与水动力性能进行研究。在Slocum等几种典型水下滑翔器样机的基础上,对滑翔器的主体和附体进行一体化设计,得到阻力最小的新型水下滑翔器构型设计。利用CFD方法对水下滑翔器进行模拟仿真,通过分析对比五种主体构型,得到了比较合理的主体线型,然后用正交设计方法和曲线拟合法对附体进行了优选工作,最后得到了性能更优的整体载体外形。模拟仿真实验表明,滑翔器在8°左右攻角航行时,具有最大的升阻比;和Slocum等经典样机相比,新的载体具有更好的水动力性能。通过上述研究工作,也可以缩短水下滑翔器研制周期,降低设计成本,并为水下滑翔器的更优设计提供了有力的技术指导和参考。     

海底地基形位测量仪研制与海上试验研究

为了实现对海洋平台海底地基形位进行高效精细测量,基于多波束测深原理研制了拥有自主知识产权国产首套海底地基形位测量仪;文中给出海底地基形位测量仪的工作原理、系统组成,设计方案和主要关键技术,并在对该设备进行水池测试的基础上进一步开展了JZ20-2MUQ石油钻井平台海上外场实地测量试验研究,并对测量数据进行了细致处理获得了平台桩腿受冲刷影响形成的坑形信息;与传统潜水员探摸结果进行比对的结果表明该设备技术先进、测量结果有效可信,可以为海洋平台地基基础测试分析与安全评估提供重要的桩基形位信息。     

新农村建设中农用土地流转模式探索——以河北省玉田县为例

农用土地资源的合理流转和优化配置,是稳定农村土地承包关系、提高土地利用率、促进农村剩余劳动力转移、推动农业产业化进程、实现农业增长方式的两个根本性转变、增加农民收入的重要途径。本文在阐述玉田县农用土地资源流转形式、特点的基础上,研究分析了土地资源流转的成因、作用与效益,提出了加快土地流转的4项建议。     

一种基于几何特征的面状地理要素变化检测方法

利用分类方法快速更新基础地理信息数据是保持其现势性的一种重要方法,分类后变化检测是其中一个难点.文章提出一种基于几何特征的面状地理要素变化检测方法,将提取的面状地理要素与待更新要素对比,计算两者多边形质心距离、形状系数、周长和面积相似程度等几何特征来判断要素是否发生变化,从而进行更新.实验结果表明,该方法能处理分类后多...     

The Role of Changes in the Annual Cycle in Earlier Onset of Climatic Spring in Northern China

Climatic changes in the onset of spring in northern China associated with changes in the annual cycle and with a recent warming trend were quantified using a recently developed adaptive data analysis tool, the Ensemble Empirical Mode Decomposition. The study was based on a homogenized daily surface air temperature (SAT) dataset for the period 1955–2003. The annual cycle here is referred to as a refined modulated annual cycle (MAC). The results show that spring at Beijing has arrived significantly earlier by about 2.98 d (10 yr)-1, of which about 1.85 d (10 yr)-1 is due to changes in the annual cycle and 1.13 d (10 yr)-1 due to the long-term warming trend. Variations in the MAC component explain about 92.5% of the total variance in the Beijing daily SAT series and could cause as much as a 20-day shift in the onset of spring from one year to another. The onset of spring has been advancing all over northern China, but more significant in the east than in the west part of the region. These differences are somehow unexplainable by the zonal pattern of the warming trend over the whole region, but can be explained by opposite changes in the spring phase of the MAC, i.e. advancing in the east while delaying in the west. In the east of northern China, the change in the spring phase of MAC explains 40%–60% of the spring onset trend and is attributable to a weakening Asian winter monsoon. The average sea level pressure in Siberia (55°–80°N, 50°–110°E), an index of the strength of the winter monsoon, could serve as a potential short-term predictor for the onset of spring in the east of northern China.     

月内尺度北半球环状模水平和垂直活动特征分析

采用李建平等定义的更好表征北半球环状模变化的指数,利用NCEP/NCAR逐日再分析资料,从对流层的角度分析了北半球环状模在月内时间尺度上的相关环流的垂直和水平传播特征.结果表明,在水平方向上,温度异常在对流层,尤其是近地层,表现为由极区和高纬度地区向中低纬度地区强的南传特征,而在平流层则为由中低纬度地区向高纬度地区弱的...     

浅层有限频率面波成像中的3D灵敏度核分析

本文利用面波散射的模式耦合方法,基于波恩近似和远场假设,研究了有限频率面波三维灵敏度核,针对面波在工程应用中常遇到的水平分层的背景介质模型,计算了介质扰动引起的面波相位和幅度扰动的三维灵敏度核,分析了模式耦合对三维灵敏度核的影响.结果表明,仅考虑模式自身耦合的JWKB近似,介质密度和波速扰动引起的三维灵敏度核可以蜕化为...