A universal spectral analytical method for digital terrain modeling

There are three major mathematical problems in digital terrain analysis: (1) interpolation of digital elevation models (DEMs); (2) DEM generalization and denoising; and (3) computation of morphometric variables through calculating partial derivatives of elevation. Traditionally, these three problems are solved separately by means of procedures implemented in different methods and algorithms. In this article, we present a universal spectral analytical method based on high-order orthogonal expansions using the Chebyshev polynomials of the first kind with the subsequent Fejér summation. The method is intended for the processing of regularly spaced DEMs within a single framework including DEM global approximation, denoising, generalization, as well as calculating the partial derivatives of elevation and local morphometric variables.

The method is exemplified by a portion of the Great Rift Valley and central Kenyan highlands. A DEM of this territory (the matrix 480 × 481 with a grid spacing of 30″) was extracted from the global DEM SRTM30_PLUS. We evaluated various sets of expansion coefficients (up to 7000) to approximate and reconstruct DEMs with and without the Fejér summation. Digital models of horizontal and vertical curvatures were computed using the first and second partial derivatives of elevation derived from the reconstructed DEMs. To evaluate the approximation accuracy, digital models of residuals (differences between the reconstructed DEMs and the initial one) were calculated. The test results demonstrated that the method is characterized by a good performance (i.e., a distinct monotonic convergence of the approximation) and a high speed of data processing. The method can become an effective alternative to common techniques of DEM processing.     

基坑底分层回弹量的实用计算方法

基坑开挖后的卸载会引起基坑的回弹,基坑开挖越深,则回弹量越大,较大回弹量会造成各种工程问题。现有回弹量计算方法需要进行专门的回弹试验或特定应力路径试验以确定回弹计算所需的模量。为了避免进行专门试验,特研究了应用常规试验所得模量与常用Mindlin解和Boussinesq解相结合,得到一种计算回弹量的简便可行方法。通过对Mindlin解和Boussinesq解计算所得应力,与e- 模型和Duncan-Chang模型的变形计算方法进行组合,得到4种计算方法,然后应用分层总和法计算求解基坑的回弹量,通过与实测值对比,比较4种组合计算方法的精度,得出更适合于工程实际应用的、准确性更高的基坑回弹量计算方法。经3个工程实例检验,推荐采用Mindlin解和e- 模型分别计算应力和模量,再应用分层总和法累加变形量,可得到与工程实测值非常相近的坑底总回弹量和坑底分层回弹量。     

盾构法隧道施工工后横向地表总沉降研究

盾构法隧道施工引起的土体超孔隙水压力消散,会导致工后地表继续沉降。在前人研究基础上,提出了隧道周围土体的初始超孔隙水压力计算方法。采用分层总和法,计算由于扰动区内土体超孔隙水压力消散引起的地表固结沉降量,结合施工阶段地表沉降量,叠加得到总的工后横向地表沉降。提出了固结开始t时刻的地表总沉降量计算方法,研究了地表沉降速率随时间的变化。算例分析结果表明：本文方法计算得到的横向地表沉降曲线符合正态分布规律,与实测值吻合;地表总沉降速率的发展也与实测沉降速率曲线相符。     

考虑侧向变形的软土地基沉降计算方法研究

当前地基固结沉降计算中采用的分层总和法是不考虑土体侧向变形影响的,由此在实际工程中计算地基沉降时往往产生一定程度的误差。特别在软土地基中,由于其结构疏松,孔隙比大,在受到建筑物荷载作用时,所产生的水平变形较大,其引起的地基沉降是不容忽视的。基于这一事实,文章就目前软土侧向变形引起的附加沉降研究现状及地基沉降机理进行了相关研究,发现基于等体积模式考虑侧向变形的修正沉降公式,错误估计了侧向变形造成的地基沉降。为此,本文推导了非等体积模式下的沉降计算公式。通过实际地基沉降量计算及现场沉降监测数据对比分析,证明这一沉降计算公式更接近实际沉降量。该公式计算简单、物理意义明确,具有一定的推广应用价值。     

高边坡岩体卸荷带划分的量化研究

边坡卸荷及其卸荷带是西南地区高边坡一种常见的现象，对岩石边坡稳定性及其它岩石工程问题有重要的影响。在分析目前卸荷带划分方法的基础上，根据卸荷带的形成机理及地质表现，提出了用裂隙率、张开裂隙率和“隙宽和”3个量化指标进行卸荷带的划分。结合实际工程，进行了大量的现场裂隙测量，分析结果表明，3个量化指标对卸荷带的强弱有较好的响应关系，作为卸荷带划分的量化指标具有较好的可操作性。进一步，结合卸荷带的地质特点，提出了所研究的具体工程其卸荷带划分的建议方案。     

Synthetic seismograms for finite sources in spherically symmetric Earth using normal-mode summation

Normal-mode summation is the most rapidly used method in calculating synthetic seismograms. However, normal-mode summation is mostly applied to point sources. For earthquakes triggered by faults extending for as long as several 100 km, the seismic waves are usually simulated by point source summation. In this paper, we attempt to follow a different route, i.e., directly calculate the excitation of each mode, and use normal-mode summation to obtain the seismogram. Furthermore, we assume the finite source to be a ‘‘line source' and numerically calculate the transverse component of synthetic seismograms for vertical strike-slip faults. Finally, we analyze the features in the Love waves excited by finite faults.     

Single point mooring system modal parameter identification based on empirical mode decomposition and time-varying autoregressive model

A method based on empirical mode decomposition (EMD) and time-varying autoregressive (TVAR) model is proposed here to identify the modal parameters of time-varying systems, such as the Floating Production Storage and Offloading (FPSO) single point mooring system. For the EMD–TVAR method, the original signal is decomposed into a finite number of ‘intrinsic mode functions’ (IMFs) by the EMD. Each IMF can be represented as a TVAR model. Then, the time-varying modal parameters i.e., instantaneous frequency (IF) and modal dumping, can be obtained by the basis functions expansion method. The proposed EMD–TVAR method has good results in two experiments compared with the Huang–Hilbert transformation and Short Time Fourier Transform method, and it has been used to analysis the modal parameters of FPSO single point mooring system successfully. The system's time-varying characteristic and its frequency distribution can be known from the modal analysis results.     

高峰100号矿体微量元素特征

高峰100号矿体微量元素特征研究结果表明矿物的形成受花岗岩和地层双重制约。     

On the relative performance of spectrum superposition methods considering modal interaction effects

The contribution of modal interaction in the various available spectrum superposition methods is accounted via the modal cross-correlation coefficient, which has been defined in several different approximate ways. Further, in these methods, to define the final expressions directly in terms of the response spectrum amplitudes, the peak factors for all the modal responses are approximated to be equal to the peak factor for the total structural response. However, these assumptions have been found to be violated significantly in many cases and do not hold good in general. Therefore, some recent studies have attempted to improve upon these assumptions. In this paper, detailed investigations are made to study the relative performance of the various available methods considering the modal interaction effects. To find out which of the available methods, in general, gives the better results, the response of a five-storey asymmetric hypothetical building, characterized by significant interaction effects, has been computed from different methods for several widely differing input excitations and the results have been compared with the exact time-history solution.