Wetland classification in Newfoundland and Labrador using multi-source SAR and optical data integration

A vast portion of Newfoundland and Labrador (NL) is covered by wetland areas. Notably, it is the only province in Atlantic Canada that does not have a wetland inventory system. Wetlands are important areas of research because they play a pivotal role in ecological conservation and impact human activities in the province. Therefore, classifying wetland types and monitoring their changes are crucial tasks recommended for the province. In this study, wetlands in five pilot sites, distributed across NL, were classified using the integration of aerial imagery, Synthetic Aperture Radar, and optical satellite data. First, each study area was segmented using the object-based method, and then various spectral and polarimetric features were evaluated to select the best features for identifying wetland classes using the Random Forest algorithm. The accuracies of the classifications were assessed by the parameters obtained from confusion matrices, and the overall accuracies varied between 81% and 91%. Moreover, the average producer and user accuracies for wetland classes, considering all pilot sites, were 71% and 72%, respectively. Since the proposed methodology demonstrated high accuracies for wetland classification in different study areas with various ecological characteristics, the application of future classifications in other areas of interest is promising.     

Lacustrine carbonate deposition in Middle Pennsylvanian cyclothems — the Upper Freeport Formation,Appalachian Basin,USA

The Upper Freeport Formation (Upper Allegheny Group, Middle Pennsylvanian) is one of the earliest non-marine cyclothems in the Appalachian Basin and contains carbonates, siliciclastics, and coal. A detailed facies analyses of 25 cores from the Upper Freeport Limestone in western Pennsylvania (Armstrong and Indiana Counties) identified four facies associations containing thirteen separate facies: rudstone-limestone (Association A), rudstone-laminated limestone (Association B), laminated limestone (Association C), and coal — siliciclastics (Association D). We interpreted them, respectively, as shallow, high energy lacustrine margin (A); littoral to sublittoral lacustrine (B); offshore lake (C); and vegetated swamp and marsh (D). The depositional environment is envisaged as an anastomosed channel system surrounded by extensive wetlands containing adjacent densely vegetated swamp and marsh areas and freshwater, carbonate-producing lakes.Lakes developed in the topographic lows of the alluvial plain, protected and filtered from siliciclastic deposition by vegetated swamps. These lakes were small in size (several square km), shallow, and stratified, as indicated by the abundance of laminated facies. They were hydrologically open, and interconnected by surface and ground waters. Carbonate production in this lacustrine system was not triggered by evaporative concentration but by biogenic algal production. Carbonates were continually being recycled, both physicochemically and biologically, within the depositional system. Various early diagenetic processes, including brecciation, pedogenesis and recrystallization, masked original evidence for transport mode. The Upper Freeport Limestone contains numerous features of palustrine carbonates, and provides a case study for one end-member of freshwater carbonate models, characterized by a very short period of subaerial exposure. Small-scale climatic changes or autocyclic processes such as small topographic differences, changes in local drainage patterns, and fluvial dynamics may have controlled Upper Freeport lake level changes.Facies analysis does not support a climate forcing as a control for cyclothem development of non-marine sequences during the Pennsylvanian. Tectonic and autocyclic processes better explain the evolution of these wetland (lacustrine/alluvial) systems with its associated coal formation.This is the seventh paper in a series of papers published in this issue on Climatic and Tectonic Rhythms in Lake Deposits.     

海平面上升对长江口三岛影响的预测研究

根据国际权威机构ＩＰＣＣ １９９０年对２１世纪全球海平面上升的最佳估计值和本区地壳沉降速率以及地面沉降趋势,确定下一世纪长江口相对海平面上升１．０ｍ左右。在此基础上,预测了相对海面上升对海岸工程,交通水利设施湿地损失,洪涝灾害及盐水入侵的影响。     

香格里拉县湿地分类研究

在实地调查基础上，对香格里拉县湿地分级分类开展了研究，采用了成因分类法，把该县湿地分为湿地系统、湿地亚系统、湿地类和湿地亚类4个等级，并论述了各级湿地的特征。首先以人类活动作用程度为依据划分出自然湿地和人工湿地两大湿地系统。天然湿地中又以地貌部位划分出河流湿地、湖泊湿地、泉水湿地、冰川积雪湿地和其它湿地5个湿地亚系统；最后以水文特征和地表植被类型分别划分出l0个湿地类和25个湿地亚类。人工湿地的划分较为简单，仅根据其功能分为8个亚类。     

生物修复技术研究进展及在滨海湿地中的应用

生物修复技术作为一门新兴的环境生物技术，与传统的物理、化学修复技术相比，具有处理费用低、净化效果好、不造成二次污染等优点，因而受到世界各国的关注，并在治理污染土壤、地表水及地下水等方面发挥越来越重要的作用。在回顾近年来生物修复技术发展趋势的基础上，针对滨海湿地的特殊环境，探索在该区域利用生物修复技术治理受污染滨海湿地的可行性。     

莱州湾南岸滨海湿地的退化及其生态恢复和重建对策

受气候变化，河流断流，海洋灾害，污染，围垦，海水入侵，盐业、养殖业的发展，过度捕捞，过度开发利用水资源，不合理的工程建设等因素的影响，近30多年来莱州湾南岸滨海湿地呈现明显的退化趋势。如自然湿地面积减小、植被退化、人工湿地面积扩大、湿地生物多样性受损、渔业资源衰退等。作者针对导致湿地退化的原因提出了减轻海洋灾害、合理发展盐业和渔业生产、严格控制污染物入海、恢复湿地水文条件以满足湿地生态需水、建设人工芦苇湿地等退化湿地的生态恢复和重建对策。     

基于目标框架法的辽河口湿地生态脆弱性评估

河口滨海湿地生态服务功能突出,生境脆弱易损,研究其生态脆弱性对滨海湿地生态环境保护与管理具有重要意义。本文以辽河口滨海湿地为例,基于“干扰-敏感-恢复”评估框架,选取17个指标,构建滨海湿地生态脆弱性评价指标体系,以GIS技术为支撑,综合运用插值法、综合指数法,探究辽河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性空间分布特征,分析生态脆弱性变化的影响因素。结果表明:入海河口污染、河口地区人类开发活动和自然淤涨对河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性的影响较为突出;2014年辽河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性总体态势良好,区域生态脆弱性指数为1.67,整体处于不脆弱状态;空间上,辽河口滨海湿地生态脆弱性表现为中部高于四周,由入海河口向外逐步减弱的格局特征。     

一种湿地河流叶绿素a遥感反演方法

叶绿素a作为一项重要的水质安全评价指标,其浓度的准确监测对水产行业发展、水生态系统平衡和人类饮水安全等有着重要意义。随着对地观测卫星传感器空间和光谱分辨率的提高,遥感技术在河流水质时空变化监测中发挥着越来越重要的作用。本文以新疆巴音布鲁克湿地河流水体为研究对象,同步采集了水体反射光谱和水样,并在实验室对叶绿素a、浊度等水质参数进行测定。首先,基于光谱波段对叶绿素a浓度的敏感性分析,构建了多种光谱指数模型;然后,提出以4.50 mg/m³作为水体叶绿素a浓度分级阈值,利用三波段半分析模型因子D3B与叶绿素a的线性关系建立水体叶绿素a浓度分级标准,进而对比评估了11种经验、半分析模型分别在全部样本数据集和两级叶绿素a浓度数据集中的精度表现;其次,根据各模型精度结果选用三波段半分析模型D3B和蓝绿波段比模型OC₂V4,组成叶绿素a分级反演算法OC₂-D3B,其精度（R²=0.96,RMSE=0.32 mg/m³,MAE=0.24 mg/m³,MRE=5.71%）相比以上2种单一算法提高了50%以上;最后,本文利用Sentinel-2影像,对湿地河流水体叶绿素a浓度的空间分布特征和季节时序模式进行了分析,得到该水域夏季叶绿素a含量最高,春秋季次之,冬季最低的结论。此外,本研究还发现气温相比其他环境因子对水体Chl-a浓度的控制作用更加明显。     

GIS和RS技术在湿地资源研究中的应用——以大庆市湿地为例

以大庆市湿地为研究对象,以地理信息系统和遥感技术为技术平台,介绍了湿地环境因子研究工作程序及湿地现状类型分布研究,分析了地理信息系统和遥感技术在湿地资源研究中的地位和作用,从而为GIS与RS技术在湿地资源应用研究中提供理论支持。     

1994-2015年若尔盖湿地水体空间变化分析

针对高原湿地的退化及其相关生态环境问题的发生源于湿地水体退化,该文首先利用1994-2015年的TM影像,采用归一化水指数和改进的归一化水指数提取了3个不同年份夏季的湿地水体信息;其次,选取斑块平均面积、景观斑块形状破碎化指数和分维度3个指标,分析了不同时期湿地水体的斑块面积和形状破碎度变化.研究结果表明:若尔盖湿地水体20年来总体呈明显萎缩趋势,水体斑块的形状破碎化程度以2001年为拐点,分维数和斑块平均形状破碎化指数先升后降,但面积加权形状破碎化指数先降后升.