西安地裂缝发展趋势预测及防治对策

本文依据对地裂缝的监测资料并结合地震及地面沉降等多方面研究成果,提出了西安地裂缝发展具有三个活动周期:Ⅰ级活动周期400～700年,Ⅱ级活动周期20～22年,Ⅲ级活动周期为一年,当前正值地裂缝活动高潮期。文中又据地裂缝的垂直活动速率及其对建筑物的破坏程度对地裂缝活动强度进行了分级,并提出减轻地裂缝危害的防治对策,这对西安市的城市建设和规划将具有一定的参考价值。     

Subsidenz und tektonik des Saar-Nahe-Beckens (SW-Deutschland)

The Saar-Nahe-Basin in SW-Germany is one of the largest Permo-Carboniferous basins in the internal zone of the Variscides. Its evolution is closely related to movements along the Hunsrück Boundary Fault, which separates the Rhenohercynian and the Saxothuringian zones. Recent deep seismic surveys indicate that the Saar-Nahe-Basin formed in the hanging wall of a major detachment which soles out at lower crustal levels at about 16 km depth. Oblique extension along an inverted Variscan thrust resulted in the formation of a half-graben, within more than 8 km of entirely continental strata accumulated. The structural style within the basin is characterized by normal faults parallel to the basin axis and orthogonal transfer fault zones. Balanced cross-section construction and subsidence analysis indicate extension of the orogenically thickened lithosphere by 35%. Subsidence modeling shows discontinuous depth-dependent extension with laterally varying extension factors for crust and mantle lithosphere. Thus, the offset between maximum rift and thermal subsidence can be explained by a zone of mantle extension shifted laterally with respect to the zone of maximum crustal extension.

     

Prediction of sub-surface subsidence movements due to underground coal mining

Summary The theoretical model of the relationship between sub-surface and surface subsidence movements proposed earlier by the authors of this paper is briefly described and further tested against another case history example. Using this model, the magnitudes of the maximum subsidence, tilt and horizontal strain at sub-surface horizons between the ground surface and seam level are predicted in terms of the magnitudes of the corresponding components at the surface due to the extraction of subcritical panels with a wide range of width-depth ratios and the results presented in the form of nomographs and tables. These graphs and tables could be used to estimate the maximum subsidence, tilt and horizontal strain at any chosen sub-surface horizon associated with the extraction of a subcritical panel from the known corresponding maximum values at the surface.The proposed theoretical model can also be used to predict sub-surface subsidence components at any point within the zone influenced by the extraction of a panel from the corresponding surface subsidence components which may be obtained from field measurements or pre-calculated using any existing method of surface subsidence prediction. As an example, the profiles of surface and sub-surface subsidence at various horizons between the ground surface and the seam level resulting from the extraction of an assumed sub-critical longwall panel are predicted using the theoretical model together with the empirical method of surface subsidence prediction. The pattern of sub-surface subsidence movements in the strata overlying the panel is examined.     

Displacement discontinuities and stress changes between roof strata and their influence on longwall mining under aquifers

Summary The results of physical model tests are analysed with special attention to the development of displacement discontinuities (bed separations) at the two stages of roof stratum movement over a longwall coal face. The relationships between roof displacement and stress concentration or relief are explored. The stress-displacement relationship is further examined by an analytical model, based on the assumption of laminated rock beams, which is used to identify possible displacement discontinuities in the roof strata which would form water inflow passages from an ovelying aquifer. Also demonstrated is the potential of the analytical model for serving as a theoretical approach or, at least, a complement to empirical methods in estimating the critical and the safe distance of mining under an aquifer.     

Design considerations for subsidence control

Summary Subsidence planning and control must be an integral part of mine design in order to minimize the economic impact of underground mining on the surface. Precalculation of surface deformations which may cause damage to surface structures must be performed and damage criteria must be established, if the response of structures to such movements is to be determined and the extent of damages to be assessed. In this paper the Surface Deformation Prediction System (SDPS), which can be used to predict accurately the vertical and horizontal parameters of surface movements due to underground mining, is discussed. The Subsidence Response Modelling Program (SRMP), which can be applied to evaluate the response of buildings to subsidence-induced movements, is also reviewed. Finally, an example is presented demonstrating the applicability of these techniques for subsidence design and control.     

Subsidence on steep slopes due to longwall mining

Summary A two dimensional finite element model is used to simulate the extraction of coal by the longwall method underneath idealized surface slopes. The resulting subsidence, tilt and horizontal displacement values are compared with similar extractions using the same method beneath initially horizontal surfaces. The conclusions of a parametric study using this model, supported by field evidence, indicate that in areas of rugged topography, simple application of the procedures outlined in the National Coal BoardSubsidence Engineer's Handbook (1975) does not give acceptable predictions of the induced ground movements.     

A physical model of an underground coal mine prototype

Conclusions A physical model simulated qualitative ground movement above a retreating longwall face in a shallow coal mine with considerable accuracy, after modification to allow for scale effects. It is considered that in prototype geometries such as mines where strata deformation involves rock fracture, the use of physical models may have advantages over other types of model.     

天津市塘沽区地面沉降监测网络优化

以天津市塘沽区为研究区域，利用空间聚类与数据序列特征分析相结合的方法，对原有86个监测点的地面沉降监测网络进行优化，使优化兼顾了空间均匀分布和最小化时间冗余。给出了监测点数目，仅保留其中大约25％的监测点进入优化后的监测网络。     

高速公路的下伏开采沉陷灾害的研究

地下开采所引起的地表沉陷灾害是我国高速公路建设中所面临的一个新的课题。文章论述了条带煤采空区所引起的地表沉陷对高速公路建设的影响，建立了相关灾害的研究程式和研究方法，并利用研究成果进行了实例应用，取得了良好的效果。     

断裂活动影响矿区的采煤沉陷灾害问题

文章结合抚顺矿区实际,分析论述了断裂活动影响矿区的地应力环境特征。阐述了在断裂活动影响矿区,岩体长期大规模开挖造成局部区域构造应力卸载,岩体弹性变形能恢复发生水平变形,导致地表产生附加水平移动与变形。通常的沉陷区边缘区域,地表移动变形值不大,采动损害也相对较轻。但断裂活动影响矿区,沉陷区边缘区常存在着明显的水平移动与变形,并造成相应损害。尤其是在矿震等岩体地质动力现象显现影响下,地表沉陷灾害更为严重。