Foredeep submarine fans and forebulge deltas: orogenic off-loading in the underfilled Karoo Basin

Third-order sequence stratigraphic analysis of the Early Permian marine to continental facies of the Karoo Basin provides a case study for the sedimentation patterns which may develop in an underfilled foreland system that is controlled by a combination of supra- and sublithospheric loads. The tectonic regime during the accumulation of the studied section was dominated by the flexural rebound of the foreland system in response to orogenic quiescence in the Cape Fold Belt, which resulted in foredeep uplift and forebulge subsidence. Coupled with flexural tectonics, additional accommodation was created by dynamic loading related to the process of subduction underneath the basin. The long-wavelength dynamic loading led to the subsidence of the peripheral bulge below base level, which allowed for sediment accumulation across the entire foreland system.A succession of five basinwide regressive systems tracts accumulated during the Artinskian (5 My), consisting of foredeep submarine fans and correlative forebulge deltas. The progradation of submarine fans and deltaic systems was controlled by coeval forced and normal regressions of the proximal and distal shorelines of the Ecca interior seaway respectively. The deposition of each regressive systems tract was terminated by basinwide transgressive episodes, that may be related to periodic increases in the rates of long-wavelength dynamic subsidence.     

空间决策支持系统在矿山沉陷防治中的应用

空间决策支持系统(SDSS)是近年来随着计算机技术、人工智能、运筹学等学科的发展而兴起的一门新兴学科,它与GIS及ES的结合在空间分析中的应用体现了其解决结构性差类问题的优越性.本文根据矿山沉陷防治的具体特点,探讨了这一技术在矿山沉陷防治中的应用 ,并对其与GIS、ES等的结合进行了思考.     

Patterns of stress at midocean ridges and their offsets due to seafloor subsidence

The effect of the seafloor subsidence on the horizontal stress field is investigated by combining the finite element method with a formulation that allows us to compute the two-dimensional (2D) horizontal stresses arising from isostatically compensated vertical loads. The topographic load created by the elevation of midocean ridges relative to old ocean floor is shown to be a significant source of ridge-parallel tensile stresses. These may predominate over the ridge-perpendicular stresses and explain observations at midocean ridge offsets such as (1) oblique normal faulting at ridge-transform intersections trending up to 60° relative to the ridge axis, and (2) nontransform offsets consisting of structures oriented at 45° relative to the ridge trend. At midocean ridge overlaps, rotation of the ridge-parallel tensile stresses favours rift propagation at more than 45° relative to the ridge trend. It is suggested that propagating rift tips that bend abruptly lead to partially unlocked offsets, and as a result large overlaps may eventually start to rotate and evolve into a microplate.     

地下水位下降对采矿覆岩下沉影响探析

地下采煤会导致地表下沉盆地的形成。然而地下水尤其是承压水的流失即水位降低对地表下沉盆地的形成存在不可忽视的影响，而对两者之间的关系及其过程的力学机理是岩移领域亟待研究的课题之一。矿区地下水位降低的主要原因为承压水通过采动裂隙向下渗流、煤层开采前顶板岩溶含水岩层的疏干以及地面人为钻井取水。根据对一具体矿区地下水位下降对地表沉陷影响实测数据的分析得出，在以采煤为主导条件导致地表下沉的过程中，几乎全部的开采沉陷量中均包含有由于含水层释水而造成的沉陷量。通过对上覆岩层力学机理分析，指出水位降低对覆岩移动、地表下沉的影响是由于一定地质条件下可渗水性岩石的物理力学特性、渗水对其它岩石的软化、释水后原冲积层的压密固结以及水渗透过程中的水岩耦合作用等因素综合作用所致。同时，在以上理论的基础上还探讨性地建立了地下水位下降对地表下沉贡献模型，在此模型基础上可以建立2个或2个以上影响因素对地表下沉的贡献模型。最后以框图形式概括了地下水位下降及其对地表下沉影响的综合过程。     

深埋复杂岩溶区地质灾害分析与治理

深圳市东部供水隧洞掘进至龙岗区横岗镇西坑村边时突然涌水，涌水量200m^3／h，引起西坑老屋村井水干枯、大面积地面塌陷，局部塌陷、房屋倒塌。为查明地面塌陷、房屋倒塌原因，深圳市水务局邀请在深圳的水文地质、工程地质专家进行研讨。专家一致认为塌陷与岩溶关系密切，但查1／5万深圳地质图及隧洞详勘报告，老屋村地下并无岩溶地层。专家认为地层判断有错误，建议采用物探与钻探相结合的勘察手段，查清隧洞涌水点前方一西坑谷地及老屋村塌陷范围内地层岩性及水文地质条件。市水务局委托深圳市勘察研究院在隧洞轴线经过的西坑谷地段补孔13个，老屋村塌陷范围补孔33个，并结合钻孔CT物探及钻孔抽水试验进行勘察。勘察结果证实西坑老屋村塌陷范围是埋藏型岩溶盆地，隧洞涌水点是岩溶盆地地下水的排泄口，并查清了隧洞穿越岩溶区的长度、岩溶发育程度及发育规律。建议采用全断面小导管超前注浆加固、堵水方法进行隧洞施工。结果顺利穿过了复杂岩溶地段及断裂破碎带。老屋村再未出现沉降、塌陷现象。     

开采浅层地下水对地面沉降影响的探讨

苏锡常地区由于长期过量开采深层地下水，已诱发了严重的地面沉降灾害。为此，江苏省政府下达了在2005年全面禁采深层地下水的文件。为解决用水问题，许多专家、学者建议开采利用浅层地下水。在苏锡常地区开采浅层地下水是否会同样诱发严重的地面沉降问题，是目前争议的焦点。文章详述了苏锡常地区水文地质条件及地面沉降现状，确定了地面沉降的各种影响因素，分析对比了浅层地下水与深层地下水在开采条件下所能引起的地面沉降量，说明采用合理的开采工艺开发利用浅层地下水不会诱发严重的地面沉降。     

地面沉降对工程沉降监测数据的影响及分析

该文通过对工程沉降监测中的作业方法及其监测数据进行分析，由此得出在工程沉降监测中，地面沉降的影响因素不容忽视。     

Land subsidence in China

Land subsidence in China occurs in different regions. It is primarily caused by excessive groundwater withdrawal. Other reasons for the subsidence include the oil, warm groundwater withdrawal and the neotectonic movement. The common characteristics of land subsidence in China are slow, accumulative, irreversible, and other unique properties. The range of subsidence still keeps extending and the accumulative subsidence increasing though some measures taken. Adjustment of the aquifer exploitation practice is a subsidiary way to control land subsidence, but it cannot solve this problem completely. In a specfic way of groundwater changing, the contribution of a certain soil layer to the total subsidence depends on its compressibility and thickness. Besides the elasticity, both cohesive soil layers (aquitards) and sand layers (aquifers) are observed to be plastic and creep when the groundwater level fluctuates in a specific way, which often leads to subsidence delay.     

3D structural model of the Polish Basin

A 3D structural modelling of the Permian–Mesozoic Polish Basin was performed in order to understand its structural and sedimentary evolution, which led to basin maturation (Permian–Cretaceous) and its tectonic inversion (Late Cretaceous–Paleogene). The model is built on the present-day structure of the basin and comprises 13 horizons within the Permian to Quaternary rocks. The analysis is based on 3D depth views and thickness maps. The results image the basin-scale symmetry, the perennial localization of the NW–SE-oriented basin axis, the salt movements due to tectonics and/or burial, and the transverse segmentation of the Polish Basin. From these observations, we deduce that salt structures are correlated to the main faults and tectonic events. From the model analysis, we interpret the stress conditions, the timing, and the geometry of the tectonic inversion of the Polish Basin into a NW–SE-oriented central horst (Mid-Polish Swell) bordered by two lateral troughs. Emphasis is placed on the Zechstein salt, considering its movements during the Mesozoic sedimentation and its decoupling effect during the tectonic inversion. Moreover, we point to the structural control of the Paleozoic basement and the crustal architecture (Teisseyre–Tornquist Zone) on the geometry of the Polish Basin and the Mid-Polish Swell.     

差分干涉雷达测量在地面沉降中的应用研究

雷达差分干涉测量是当前雷达遥感的热点研究领域，利用遥感卫星多时相的复雷达图像相干信息进行地表的垂直形变量的提取，其精度已达到了毫米级。对差分干涉雷达遥感的原理及具体实现进行了深入研究，并分析了差分干涉测量结果的误差，着重阐述了差分干涉雷达遥感在地面沉降研究中的应用，及其需要进一步解决的问题。