Comparison of soil organic carbon content,hydraulic conductivity,and particle size fractions between a grassland and a nearby black pine plantation of 40 years in two surface depths

In highlands of semiarid Turkey, ecosystems have been significantly transformed through human actions, and today changes are taking place very rapidly, causing harmful consequences such as soil degradation. This paper examines two neighboring land use types in Indagi Mountain Pass, Cankiri, Turkey, to determine effects of the conversion of Blackpine (Pinus nigra Arn. subsp. pallasiana) plantation from grassland 40 years ago on soil organic carbon (SOC) and soil erodibility (USLE-K). For this purpose, a total of 302 disturbed and undisturbed soil samples were taken at irregular intervals from two sites and from two soil depths of 0–10 cm (D₁) and 10–20 cm (D₂). In terms of SOC, conversion did not make any statistical difference between grassland and plantation; however, there were statistically significant differences with soil depth within each land use, and SOC contents significantly decreased with the soil depth (P < 0.05) and mostly accumulated in D₁. SOC values were 2.4 and 1.8% for grassland and 2.8 and 1.6% for plantation, respectively, at D₁ and D₂. USLE-K values also statistically differed significantly with the land use, and in contrast to the statistics of SOC, there was no change in USLE-K with the soil depth. Since USLE-K was estimated using SOC, hydraulic conductivity (HC) and soil textural composition––sand (S), silt (Si), and clay (C) contents of soils––as well as SOC did not change with the land use, we ascribed the changes of USLE-K with the land uses to the differences in the HC as strongly affected by the interactions between SOC and contents of S, Si, and C. On an average, the soil of the grassland (USLE-K = 0.161 t ha h ha⁻¹ MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹) was more erodible than those of the plantation (USLE-K = 0.126 t ha h ha⁻¹ MJ⁻¹ mm⁻¹). Additionally, topographic factors, such as aspect and slope, were statistically effective on spatial distribution of the USLE-K and SOC.     

陕西八卦庙金矿床深部矿体形态变化分析

陕西八卦庙金矿床1290m标高以上矿体为层状、似层状、透境状,单矿体最大厚度70．3m,金品位≥3×10^-6。62-72线长200m,宽200m范围内金品位≥2×10^-6,形状完整。从1290m标高以下矿体均分支为单脉体,厚度2～10m,地质品位≥3×10^-6,矿体形态上,下部与深部变化较大。     

洮儿河上游径流时序变化特征分析

干旱、半干旱地区河流径流对全球气候变化具有更高敏感性.主要位于内蒙古东北部半干旱、半湿润地区的洮儿河是本区域为数不多的河流,分析其径流的时序变化特征对研究本区域的全球气候变化响应具有重要意义.本文主要利用洮儿河上游索伦和察尔森两个代表性站点的近40年时间序列的逐日径流量资料,分别利用Kendall秩次检验,洪水频率和洪水滞时分析方法来分析洮儿河上游河流径流变化趋势、洪水频率和洪水滞时变化特征.结果如下:在过去40年内洮儿河上游径流量经历了下降-上升-下降的变化趋势,呈现平躺的S型,即可将其划分为1957～1972年的下降段、1972～1988年的上升段和1988～1997年的下降段.而通过Kendall秩次检验发现在相应的时段内两站的径流呈现显著性变化趋势.洪水频率分析表明,40年来洮儿河洪水发生频率有增加趋势,滞时分析结果则显示流域滞时时间呈减小变化.     

近40a阿尔金山冰川与气候变化关系研究

以Landsat MSS/TM/ETM⁺/OLI 遥感影像和数字高程模型为数据源,在遥感和地理信息技术支持下,分析了阿尔金山地区1973、1999、2010、2015 四期冰川变化特征。研究表明：（1）1973-2015 年,冰川总面积共退缩了58.78 km²,年均退缩率为0.40%·a^-1,东段退缩速率最快,其次是西段,中段最慢,且冰川退缩速率呈现出先变快后变慢的变化趋势。（2）各个坡向都出现不同程度的退缩,偏南坡比偏北坡冰川退缩严重。（3）冰川面积退缩速率与规模等级呈现反相关关系,小规模冰川退缩速率快。（4）冰川分布随海拔变化呈正态分布,海拔越低退缩速率越快。统计分析气象数据表明,气候变暖是冰川退缩的主要原因,同时地形与冰川规模也影响冰川变化。     

一种面向时空对象及其关联关系动态变化表达的概念数据模型

根据全空间信息系统中地理实体基本特征以及存储管理的需求,本文提出了一种面向地理实体及其关联关系动态变化表达的时空数据模型。① 在地理实体方面,将其抽象为由有序、无缝对象片段组成的时空对象,并建立了对象片段表达的三元组模型,即空间位置、几何形态和属性特征;② 在关联关系方面,采用基于RDF模型来对空间关系和属性关系进行形式化描述;③ 在动态变化方面,将地理实体的变化分为空间位置的变化、几何形态的变化和属性特征的变化,关联关系的变化分为空间关系和属性关系的变化,并分别采用快照/增量、方程/模型2种方式来统一表达它们的离散和连续变化。该模型可显式地描述动态的时空对象及其关联关系在时空过程中的变化,有助于探讨和挖掘地理现象的基本变化规律和内在关联性。     

济南西部地区地下水水化学特征及演变机理浅析

对济南市济西水源地一个水文年地下水水化学特征进行研究发现:补给区→径流区→排泄区地下水水化学类型演化过程为SO_4·HCO_3-Ca型→HCO_3·SO_4-Ca型与HCO_3-Ca型→HCO_3-Ca型。形成地下水水化学类型这一转变的原因为从补给区到径流区岩性变化的结果。地下水水化学演变机理研究认为,岩石风化及溶解作用是形成研究区独特地下水水化学演化规律的主导自然因素。     

塔里木盆地周边地区土地退化的遥感研究

以20世纪70年代陆地卫星MSS和90年代ETM图像为基础,通过分析对比,并配合野外检查验证,快速提取了塔里木盆地周边地区4种程度土地沙化类型的分布信息.根据获取的两个时期4种程度的土地沙化类型分布信息,编制了全区土地沙化程度及范围变迁图.该图客观地反映了区内近30a来土地退化的实际情况,为干旱-半干旱地区的土地退化研究提供了遥感技术应用实例.     

湖北省随州城市化进程中人口变动及其对土地利用的影响

采用GIS技术及多种统计分析方法,对湖北省随州市城市化进程中人口变动状况及其对土地利用方式的影响进行了整体分析,初步揭示了城市化的综合发展状态及其所包含的人口及土地两个方面的变化特征,并明确了人口变化的主导作用。分析表明,随州城市化处于中期发展阶段并呈现与工业化同步的发展状态,在此前提下城镇人口迅速增长,空间分布向中心市区集中,但农业就业比重偏高,同时土地利用方式发生相应的变化。     

长江三角洲近900年来气候变化对洪水事件的影响

Wide collection on the historic records of the climatic changes and flood events is performed in the Yangtze Delta. Man-Kendall (MK) method is applied to explore the changing trends of the time series of the flood discharge and the maximum high summer temperature. The research results indicate that the flood magnitudes increased during the transition from the medieval warm interval into the early Little Ice Age. Fluctuating climate changes of the Little Ice Age characterized by arid climate events followed by the humid and cold climate conditions give rise to the frequent flood hazards. Low-lying terrain made the study region prone to the flood hazards, storm tide and typhoon. MK analysis reveals that the jumping point of the time series of the flood discharge changes occurred in the mid-1960s, that of the maximum summer temperature changes in the mid-1990s, and the exact jump point in 1993. The flood discharge changes are on negative trend before the 1990s,they are on positive tendency after the 1990s; the maximum high summer temperature changes are on negative trend before the 1990s and on positive tendency after the 1990s. These results indicate that the trend of flood discharge matches that of the maximum high summer temperature in the Yangtze Delta. The occurrence probability of the maximum high summer temperature will be increasing under the climatic warming scenario and which will in turn increase the occurrence probability of the flood events. More active solar action epochs and the higher sea surface temperature index (SST index) of the south Pacific Ocean area lying between 4°N-4°S and 150°W-90°W correspond to increased annual precipitation, flood discharge and occurrence frequency of floods in the Yangtze Delta. This is partly because the intensified solar activities and the higher SST index give rise to accelerated hydrological circulation from ocean surface to the continent, resulting in increased precipitation on the continent.     

长江三角洲8000年来古环境变迁

The Yangtze Delta is one of the economically most developed areas in China. It is located in the eastern China monsoon region. Archaeological excavations and environment-archaeology studies over many years in this region provide exceptional information about climate changes, development of human civilization and also human-environment interactions. Archaeological excavations made in the study region reveal that the development of Neolithic cultures is not continuous, which may be a result of extreme climatic events. The analysis of 14C-dated buried paleotrees, peat and shell ridges show the rise and fall of human civilization in the study area. The research results presented in this paper confirm that human civilization collapsed six times in the Yangtze Delta, matching six high sea level epoches, peat accumulation and buried paleotrees formation periods respectively. This indicates that human activities in the Yangtze Delta are controlled by local climate changes and changing hydrological conditions. The collapse of the Liangzhu culture (5000 aBP-3800 aBP) in about 4000 aBP, after a tremendous flooding event, followed by a relatively backward Maqiao culture (3800 aBP-3200 aBP) confused researchers and aroused their great interest. The research results in this paper show that the collapse of the Liangzhu culture is a result of several factors, for example war and food shortage, but the flooding event occurred in the late Liangzhu culture epoch is the main factor therein.