Snowmelt velocity predicts vegetation green-wave velocity in mountainous ecological systems of North America

The timing of spring initiates an important period for resource availability for large trophic webs within ecosystems, including forage for grazing animals, flowers for pollinators, and the higher trophic levels that depend on these resources. Spring timing is highly variable across space, being influenced strongly by the departure of snow cover (i.e. snowmelt timing, in locations with a seasonal snowpack), climate, weather, elevation, and latitude. When spring timing occurs along a gradient (e.g. spring arriving later in higher elevations of mountainous terrain), the organisms that rely on spring resources often migrate to maintain an optimal position for spring resources – a phenomenon known as ‘surfing the green wave.’ While this behavior has been observed by tracking animals, there have been no studies to quantify the green wave as a movement across space and time. Furthermore, considering that snowmelt timing has moderate power to explain green-up timing for a given location, we ask the question: does snowmelt velocity predict green wave velocity? Here, we introduce the first continental maps of snowmelt and green wave velocity for North America from 2001 to 2016 as derived from the MODIS MCD12Q2 phenology dataset. We show that both snowmelt and green wave velocities are influenced strongly by topography, including slope and aspect. Furthermore, we quantify the relationships between snowmelt and green wave velocities according to three variables: direction, speed, and distance traveled. We conclude that mountainous ecoregions, such as the western North American cordillera, have the highest correspondence between snowmelt and green wave velocities, compared to flatter regions such as the Great Plains and tundra. This work will be of interest to wildlife ecologists, biologists, and land managers who seek to conserve migratory animals and the ecosystems that support them.     

Resettlement and climate change vulnerability: Evidence from rural China

The literature on migration and climate change has become increasingly attuned to the role of climatic factors in already complex migration dynamics, and amid different kinds of mobility. However, to date little evidence has been provided of the relationship between resettlement and climate change, including the degree to which resettlement may shape the vulnerability of households or communities. In this article we ask: is there any evidence that resettlement may be a driver of vulnerability and if so, what factors make resettled households more vulnerable when compared to non-resettled households? These questions are considered with reference to new evidence drawn from a livelihoods-based vulnerability analysis in a drought-prone, poverty county in China’s Shanxi Province, which encompassed households involved in local poverty resettlement programs. Evidence of the characteristics of resettled households compared to non-resettled households shows that resettlement adversely impacts on the household asset base, particularly in terms of financial and natural capital. It may therefore be a driver of vulnerability. At a time when the Chinese government is repackaging resettlement as a climate change adaptation measure, this article provides evidence that resettlement as it is currently practiced has the potential to amplify rather than alleviate household vulnerability to climate change.     

Stacking angle‐domain common‐image gathers for normalization of illumination

Unequal illumination of the subsurface highly impacts the quality of seismic imaging. Different image points receive different folds of reflection‐angle illumination, which can be caused by irregular acquisition or by wave propagation in complex media. Illumination problems can deteriorate amplitudes in migrated images. To address this problem, we present a method of stacking angle‐domain common‐image gathers, in which we use local similarity with soft thresholding to determine the folds of local illumination. Normalization by local similarity regularizes local illumination of reflection angles for each image point of the subsurface model. This approach compensates for irregular illumination by selective stacking in the image space, regardless of the cause of acquisition or propagation irregularities. Additional migration is not required because the methodology is implemented in the reflection angle domain after migration. We use two synthetic examples to demonstrate that our method can normalize migration amplitudes and effectively suppress migration artefacts.     

叠前时间偏移的偏移孔径与采集孔径关系分析

叠前时间偏移是复杂构造成像有效的偏移方法之一,它能适应纵横向速度变化较大、倾角较大的偏移成像.影响偏移成像效果的主要因素是偏移孔径和偏移速度.偏移孔径过小,偏移剖面将损失陡倾角的同相轴;偏移孔径过大,会降低资料的偏移质量.虽然偏移孔径同野外采集孔径是完全不同的概念,但偏移孔径是受采集孔径约束的,采集孔径不够时,给再大的...     

浅水多波束勘测数据精细处理方法

系统分析多波束勘测水深的误差表现,针对性地提出相应的改正措施,首先去掉勘测质量差的重复覆盖条带,改正横摇校准残差,然后根据提出的浅水常梯度声速模型,搜索确定模型参数,以此模型参数及波束到达角和旅行时对每个波束重新进行归位计算,接着自动删除多余边缘波束,最后网格化水深数据并以对应的波束号确定中央和边缘波束位置,对格网中边缘波束进行强制微调,得到光滑的格网水深数据。从实测数据结果来看,本文算法物理意义明确、切实可行、后处理速度较快,改正结果较理想。     

A matched-filter approach to wave migration

Wave migration is a technique in which the reflectivity of the Earth is interpreted by extrapolating the fields measured on the surface into the ground. The motivation of this paper is to develop a generalized imaging algorithm based on a matched-filter that shows a mathematical connection between currently used migration techniques. The filter is determined by estimating the received signal when a specific test target exists in the ground. To keep the method general, a point scatterer is used as this target, while distributed objects are modeled without changing the filter characteristics by a collection of independent point scatterers. Also, the specific forms of the Green's functions, which describe wave propagation in the ground, are not included in the formation of this approach leaving more freedom in the implementation. When the filter is applied to measured data of a monostatic survey, the resulting method becomes a forward scattering problem in which these data become time-reversed current sources. Next, specific forward scattering techniques are applied to this matched-filter approach and the resulting methods are compared to traditional migration techniques. In doing so, we find that the general form of most migration techniques can be shown using a matched-filter, while the major differences lie in the actual interpretation of the wave propagation that is used to implement the filter. The similarities of the matched-filter-based approaches to traditional techniques are used to show a connection and general overview of wave migration. Finally, these methods are applied to data collected over pipes buried in sand.     

两种不同求和路径的叠前时间偏移方法

介绍了等效偏移距偏移和非成像炮集偏移的基本原理,二者都是用一个新的偏移距变量代替常规的偏移距,然后对以新的偏移距变量定义的旅行时双曲线进行动校正和叠加,从而实现叠前时间偏移。叠前时间偏移是对双平方根方程定义的旅行时曲面的绕射求和,而这两种方法的区别就在于其在该曲面上定义的求和路径不同。在金属矿勘探中,金属矿脉由于其成因受构造剧烈运动等因素的影响,往往倾角陡,规模小,大多呈非水平层分布,而这两种方法可以为金属矿成像提供较好的成像方法。     

Might climate change the “healthy migrant” effect?

Migrants from Mexico to the U.S. tend to be healthier than non-migrants in their origin – part of a pattern termed the “healthy migrant effect”. With climate change altering livelihoods across the globe, we ask how the migration-health connection may be altered by environmental strain. On the one hand, positive health selectivity may be intensified if migration becomes more challenging – and therefore increasingly likely to be undertaken by only the healthiest. On the other hand, positive health selectivity may decline if the “push” associated with environmental strain acts upon individuals regardless of health. We use Mexican Migration Project data to model Mexico-US migration by male household heads with consideration of migrant health as well as recent rainfall conditions in communities of origin. Results reveal intriguing interactions such that when moderately dry regions experience rainfall shortage, health selectivity is lower – meaning that less healthy household heads also engage in international migration. We posit that social networks may underlie this association. We further argue that since environmental context may alter the relationship between migration and health, future research on the “healthy migrant effect” should consider environmental conditions. As to implications, if climate change yields pressure on less healthy individuals to migrate, the need for migrant-sensitive health systems and services may be intensified in destination regions.     

秋季大气质量海陆间迁移与南北涛动年际变化不同位相配置及其对中国气温异常的影响

利用NCEP/NCAR逐月再分析资料,通过构建秋季欧亚大陆-太平洋区域的大气质量海陆间迁移(MAMLO)指数和大气质量南北涛动(IHO)指数,对大气质量海陆间迁移和南北涛动的不同位相配置下环流特征及其对中国秋季气温的影响进行了研究。结果表明,大气质量海陆间迁移与南北涛动指数相关系数仅为-0.06,二者在统计学意义上相互独立。二者存在4种位相配置类型,即大气质量海陆间迁移和南北涛动均为正位相(第Ⅰ类配置);大气质量海陆间迁移和南北涛动均为负位相(第Ⅱ类配置);大气质量海陆间迁移为正位相而南北涛动为负位相(第Ⅲ类配置);大气质量海陆间迁移为负位相而南北涛动为正位相(第Ⅳ类配置)。大气质量海陆间迁移和南北涛动呈现不同位相配置类型时,大气质量的重新分布造成了不同的地表气压场分布并显著地影响到了中国北方地区秋季气温异常分布。当二者为第Ⅰ类配置时,南北涛动削弱北太平洋地区大气质量的负异常,减弱了该区域的异常低压,增强欧亚地区大气质量正异常并加强了欧亚地区的地面高压环流,共同造成中国秋季气温异常成东西反位相型分布,东部暖而西部冷;当二者为第Ⅱ类配置时,南北涛动削弱欧亚大陆大气质量的正异常,增强北太平洋地区大气质量负异常。此时大气质量海陆间迁移和南北涛动通过影响地表风场使得气温异常成全国一致型分布,全区偏暖;而第Ⅲ类配置与第Ⅰ类配置对气温的影响类似,但为东部冷而西部暖,第Ⅳ类配置与第Ⅱ类配置的影响类似。这些表明大气质量海陆间迁移对秋季欧亚地区气温异常起到主要作用,而南北涛动则在大气质量海陆间迁移影响中国北方气温异常分布中起到干扰作用。这些结果对深刻认识秋季大气环流变化机理及中国北方乃至欧亚地区秋季气温异常具有重要意义。     

A global mental health opportunity: How can cultural concepts of distress broaden the construct of immobility?

(Im)mobility studies often focus on people on the move, neglecting those who stay, are immobile, or are trapped. The duality of the COVID-19 pandemic and the climate crisis creates a global mental health challenge, impacting the most structurally oppressed, including immobile populations. The construct of immobility is investigated in the context of socio-political variables but lacks examination of the clinical psychological factors that impact immobility. Research is beginning to identify self-reported emotions that immobile populations experience through describing metaphors like feeling trapped. This article identifies links in the literature between Cultural Concepts of Distress drawn from transcultural psychiatry and immobility studies. Feeling trapped is described in mental health research widely. Among (im)mobile people and non-mobility contexts, populations experience various mental health conditions from depression to the cultural syndrome, nervios. The connection of feeling trapped to CCD research lends itself to potential utility in immobility research. The conceptualisation can support broadening and deepening the comprehension of this global mental health challenge – how immobile populations’ experience feeling trapped. To broaden the analytical framework of immobility and incorporate CCD, evidence is needed to fill the gaps on the psychological aspects of immobility research.