Efficient traveltime compression for 3D prestack Kirchhoff migration

Kirchhoff 3D prestack migration, as part of its execution, usually requires repeated access to a large traveltime table data base. Access to this data base implies either a memory intensive or I/O bounded solution to the storage problem. Proper compression of the traveltime table allows efficient 3D prestack migration without relying on the usually slow access to the computer hard drive. Such compression also allows for faster access to desirable parts of the traveltime table. Compression is applied to the traveltime field for each source location on the surface on a regular grid using 3D Chebyshev polynomial or cosine transforms of the traveltime field represented in the spherical coordinates or the Celerity domain. We obtain practical compression levels up to and exceeding 20 to 1. In fact, because of the smaller size traveltime table, we obtain exceptional traveltime extraction speed during migration that exceeds conventional methods. Additional features of the compression include better interpolation of traveltime tables and more stable estimates of amplitudes from traveltime curvatures. Further compression is achieved using bit encoding, by representing compression parameters values with fewer bits.     

Thermodynamic study of the association and separation of copper and gold in the Shizishan ore field, Tongling, Anhui Province, China

The Shizishan ore field is the largest gold–copper ore field in the Tongling ore district of Anhui Province, China. Copper and gold deposits in the district are present as one-commodity deposits or as deposits with both commodities. Copper and gold mineralization are either cogenetic or are temporally and spatially distinct. We present the results of systematic geochemical analysis of fluid inclusions from typical Au–Cu deposits in the Shizishan ore field; these data are used to determine the solubility of Cu and Au in the ore-forming fluids and to ascertain the mechanisms and factors that controlled variations in the association and separation of copper and gold mineralization. Our results indicate that copper in the ore-forming fluids was transported as CuCl₂⁻ and CuCl⁰ complexes and that the solubility of copper was controlled by variations in Cl⁻ concentration. In addition, the precipitation of copper was controlled by changes in temperature, pH, fO₂, and fO₂. In comparison, gold in the ore-forming fluids was transported as Au(HS)₂⁻ and Au₂S(HS)₂²⁻ complexes, and the solubility of gold was controlled by variations in total sulfur concentration; the precipitation of gold was controlled by temperature, pH, fO₂, and fO₂. These differences between the two elements meant that copper and gold in the ore-forming fluids responded in different ways to changes in physicochemical conditions. Copper precipitated under relatively acidic conditions at high temperatures, while gold precipitated under weakly alkaline conditions at relatively low temperatures; this dissociation resulted in the temporal and spatial separation and zonation of copper and gold mineralization in the Shizishan ore field.     

射线类偏移成像中的模型平滑处理研究

本文从能量泛函的角度着手,基于速度梯度,采用最速下降法推导了基于偏微分方程的速度模型平滑公式,用于解决射线类偏移成像过程当中速度模型的平滑处理问题.同时针对偏微分方程速度模型平滑系数中阈值k的选取对速度模型空间结构的影响,在简单的高速体速度模型上分析了不同k值的选取对原始速度模型空间结构的改变,并通过射线路径和时间场的对比分析证明偏微分方程速度模型平滑处理相对于卷积算子平滑的优越性.最后通过在Marmousi、Sigsbee 2A原始速度模型以及平滑处理后的速度模型上的成像结果分析验证偏微分方程模型平滑的有效性.

     

小尺度散射体稀疏最小二乘逆时偏移方法研究

地震勘探方法在深部固体矿产资源勘探中发展潜力巨大,同时也面临挑战.由于固体矿产资源地下分布呈现陡峭构造、尺度小,物性差异小的特点,常规偏移方法对小尺度矿体成像的分辨率提高有限.本文研究了一种基于稀疏促进约束的最小二乘逆时偏移方法.首先,将非均匀分布的矿体等效为随机介质,建立小尺度扰动的矿体模型;其次,改进现有最小二乘偏移方法,以稀疏模型为先验信息约束成像结果,并通过Curvelet变换压缩成像空间,经过多次迭代计算,可以提高小尺度散射体的成像分辨率;再次,对炮域记录进行随机震源编码,减少成像所需的炮集个数,通过稀疏促进约束条件,降低串扰噪声引起的成像误差.通过庐枞金属矿模型数值计算,验证本文方法可以较好的成像包含小尺度散射体的金属矿地质模型.

     

基于能量密度的自解耦互相关成像条件

基于能量密度构建的弹性波能量成像条件,可以准确提取弹性波场的能量信息,并可以有效压制背向散射.但是该成像条件得到的成像结果将所有弹性波场能量信息耦合在一起,难以区分纯波模式的能量信息.为此,我们从势能及动能两方面将能量场解耦,得到纯纵波（PP）、纯横波（SS）、转换波（C）能量场.根据能量守恒定律,基于Helmholtz原理对位移场的空间导数进行因式分解,将弹性势能自解耦得到纯纵波、纯横波及转换波势能;引入体应力构建得到P波及S波速度,将弹性动能分解为纯纵波、纯横波和转换波动能.从而,构建基于能量密度自解耦得到纯波能量互相关成像条件.数值实验表明自解耦成像条件可实现弹性波场能量的分解,并得到背向散射压制、振幅有效保持的PP波、SS波和C波成像结果.

     

地震波干涉偏移及预条件正则化最小二乘偏移成像方法对比

地震波干涉偏移和偏移反演成像是近年来十分活跃的两个研究领域.干涉偏移提供了一个新的地震波数据成像工具,而偏移反演则提供了高逼近度地震成像.二者的共同目的是改善传统直接偏移方法的成像效果,展宽成像区域并提高成像的分辨率.本文研究干涉偏移方法和偏移反演方法对于地震成像效果的影响,探讨二者在提高成像分辨率上的异同.对于偏移反演,通过建立正则化模型,研究了预条件共轭梯度迭代正则化方法及改进措施,并通过绕射点模型数值模拟验证了该方法比直接偏移能够提高振幅的保真度和成像的分辨率.对于干涉偏移和偏移反演这两种方法,对层速度地震模型进行了数值模拟.结果表明干涉偏移和偏移反演成像方法比传统的偏移方法在成像效果上是更加有效的,因而对于实际的地震成像问题很有应用前景.     

一种基于TV/L2模型的双极图像细节分解方法

基于TV/L2模型的总变差最小化方法在图像分解过程中受到正则化参数的影响。本文通过分析发现,当不同于经典模型而设置较小的正则化参数时,分解的图像特性发生了重要改变。据此,本文提出了一种新的基于TV/L2模型的双极性图像细节分解方法,该方法在正则化参数较小的情况下将观测图像分解为一个近似图像分量和两个具有正、负不同极性并反映不同信息的细节图像分量。将这种新的图像分解方法应用于印刷电路板CT图像的处理中。实验结果表明,通过综合利用本图像分解方法得到的图像细节信息,可以在有效抑制金属伪影的同时增强PCB图像中的有用信息。     

Phase fractionation and oil-condensate mass balance in the South Marsh Island Block 208–239 area,offshore Louisiana

Phase fractionation can strongly deplete oil of its volatile compounds in a regular and characteristic fashion. This process has affected oils to a remarkably uniform extent throughout the 30 × 15 km South Marsh Island 208–239 and Vermilion 30–31 area (including the Tiger Shoal, Starfak, Mound Point, Lighthouse Point, Amber, Trinity Shoal, and Aquamarine fields) just offshore Louisiana. Fractionation of the original “parent” oil likely occurred in the deep, relatively flat-lying Rob L sand that underlies the area, and produced gas-washed oils (mean API 33°) and gas condensates (mean API 50°) in a volume ratio of 1:3.5. Both fractionated oil and vapor migrated from the fractionation site to shallower reservoirs. However, the estimated ultimate production ratio of gas-washed oil to gas condensate in this group of fields is 1:0.32, about 11 times higher than would be expected on mass balance considerations alone. Thus, there is an apparent deficiency of producible gas condensate relative to the amount of producible oil for the entire study area and for every field in that area. In the case of the Tiger Shoal field, the ratio of industry-estimated ultimately producible oil to gas condensate is 1:1.1. Based on the production data, we conclude that either there is an additional 6.4 × 10⁶ m³ (43 MMbbl) of undiscovered and/or unproduced condensate in the area or that condensate has escaped preferentially in vapor form to the seafloor. The well-studied and nearly depleted Tiger Shoal field provides a good example of how chemical data can be analyzed in a way that contributes insight into the phase fractionation process and the remaining exploration potential of an area.     

海水速度差异对中深层偏移成像的影响分析

本文针对深水环境下中深层偏移成像质量差的问题,考虑海水速度变化对中深层偏移成像质量的影响,从在大水深中加入深海声道模型入手,分析在偏移成像当中海水速度的不同选取对水平层状介质、倾斜层介质以及较复杂介质模型偏移成像质量的影响,通过在同一模型上改变海水速度进行成像,分析中深层成像效果可以得出:在大水深反射资料数据处理当中应该考虑真实的海水速度进行成像处理,否则会由于海水速度的选取不当而造成偏移成像层位的空间位置和中深层层位几何形态的变化.     

多震源地震数据偏移成像方法

多震源地震技术是一种高效的地震数据采集方法技术,得到的地震记录是来自多个震源的混合地震数据.本文在多震源波场传播理论和地震波场满足线性叠加原理的基础上,提出了两种多震源地震数据的偏移成像方法.第一种方法是首先对多震源地震数据进行分离,得到各个单震源的地震数据,然后再利用常规的偏移成像方法进行处理;第二种方法是多震源地震数据的直接偏移成像.把本文提出的多震源偏移成像方法应用于数值模拟的多震源地震数据,验证了本文方法的正确性和有效性,直接偏移成像方法较分离后再偏移方法具有更高的计算效率.