华南混合岩中的铀矿化

以浸染扶晶质铀矿形式产于混合岩中的铀矿化是华南一种新的铀矿化类型。根据晶质铀矿在矿体中的存在形式,可划分为原生型和改造型。原生型矿床中主要铀矿物是晶质铀矿,改造型矿床中的主要铀矿物是沥青铀矿和残余的晶质铀矿。此类型矿床是富铀地层选择性熔融,并在此过程中导致铀的活化、转移和局部富集的结果。     

滇西地区腾冲地块东侧混合岩锆石年龄和Sr-Nd-Hf同位素组成

滇西地区特提斯构造带，是东特提斯构造带的重要组成部分之一，由多个微陆块和陆块相间的造山带组成。陆块内部基底出露局限并经历多期构造作用的叠加，因而其基底属性和演化历史难于恢复。本文报道腾冲地块东侧混合岩的锆石年龄、地球化学组成和锶-钕-铪同位素特征，探讨原岩的形成时代和背景。混合岩原岩可能源自中元古代花岗闪长岩．花岗岩质地壳岩石，晚中生代重熔再造，可能经历后期混合岩化。亏损地幔钕模式年龄为1．9—1．5Ga，锆石铪模式年龄集中于1．8—1．5Ga，与出露于保山地块的早古生代和晚中生代花岗岩存在明显差别。原岩主要表现轻稀土富集、轻度的中／重稀土分馏、显著的负铕、铌、钛、钡和锶异常。初始8Nd值（1．0Ga，-1．7—3．5）和锆石8Hf值（1．0Ga，平均值10．5—13．1）及地球化学特征可能暗示腾冲地块基底东侧在中元古代发育与岛弧有关的岩浆作用。     

花岗岩浆形成定位机制的思考与研究进展

花岗岩(广义)是陆壳的标志,也是地球岩石圈区别于其它行星岩石圈的标志。文章介绍了行星探测和大洋调查等方面的成果对花岗岩形成的地质约束:行星从岩浆表壳向岩石表壳转换过程以及现代地幔过程,均没有产生有规模意义的花岗岩;花岗岩及其所标志的陆壳,应是星球出现水圈和沉积岩之后的产物;花岗岩在地球岩石圈二维空间上的平均生长速率,大约为485×10~3km~2/Myr;岩浆主要来自地壳岩石的部分熔融(深熔)。在此基础上,文章介绍了深熔作用方面的研究进展,讨论了部分熔融岩石的流变行为与其内熔体比的关系,并比较了岩浆侵入模型与岩浆对流模型在解释花岗岩形成定位机制方面的异同。侵入模型的困难之一来自岩体与源区分离。由于源区位于岩体下方且远离岩体,因而是不可观察的,除非岩体及其与源区之间的岩石因风化或构造被剥蚀殆尽。文章最后介绍了"深熔-对流"模型的研究进展。该模型认为"源区"与"定位区间"是统一的,当"源区"岩石的熔体比例超过流变学的临界熔体比,岩石转变为"脏"岩浆;"脏"岩浆层内的重力分异诱发热对流,后者引起"顶蚀作用",导致重熔界面(MI)或固-液转换界面(SLT)不断向上移动和岩浆层的逐渐增厚。基本认识是:熔区内的热对流是深熔作用能够形成大规模花岗岩浆的必要条件;没有对流,陆壳岩石的部分熔融只能产生混合岩,不能产生岩基规模的花岗岩。     

哈达特陶勒盖铅锌矿床成矿物理化学条件研究

哈达特陶勒盖铅锌矿床处于华北板块与西伯利亚板块交汇部位,是二连浩特-东乌旗多金属成矿带中新发现的一个中型铅锌矿床.本文在野外地质工作基础上,通过流体包裹体,氢、氧、硫和铅同位素的研究,深入探讨哈达特陶勒盖铅锌矿床形成机制.流体包裹体研究显示,均一温度介于195～408℃之间,均值为332.5℃;盐度介于1.40％～11.93％ NaCleq.之间,均值为4.87％NaCleq.;流体密度介于0.609～0.890 g/cm3之间,均值为0.720 g/cm3;温度直方图显示,流体呈350～370℃和230～250℃两个峰值,其中230～250℃与成矿密切相关,350～370℃则代表成矿早期流体温度.流体形成压力约13.0MPa,推测深度约1.3 km.激光拉曼测试结果显示,成矿流体属H2O-NaCl体系,含有少量的CO2.H、O同位素研究显示,流体演化成矿主要为岩浆水和大气水混合作用;矿石硫、铅同位素组成具有变化范围窄、相对均一的特点(δ34S=4.0‰～6.1‰,206 Pb/204 Pb=18.311～18.467,207 Pb/254 Pb=15.590～15.636,208Pb/204 Pb=38.253～38.393),反映了成矿物质主要来源于岩浆.上述研究表明哈达特陶勒盖铅锌矿属于浅成中温热液矿床.     

The role of partial melting and extensional strain rates in the development of metamorphic core complexes

Orogenic collapse involves extension and thinning of thick and hot (partially molten) crust, leading to the formation of metamorphic core complexes (MCC) that are commonly cored by migmatite domes. Two-dimensional thermo-mechanical Ellipsis models evaluate the parameters that likely control the formation and evolution of MCC: the nature and geometry of the heterogeneity that localizes MCC, the presence/absence of a partially molten layer in the lower crust, and the rate of extension. When the localizing heterogeneity is a normal fault in the upper crust, the migmatite core remains in the footwall of the fault, resulting in an asymmetric MCC; if the localizing heterogeneity is point like region within the upper crust, the MCC remains symmetric throughout its development. Therefore, asymmetrically located migmatite domes likely reflect the dip of the original normal fault system that generated the MCC. Modeling of a severe viscosity drop owing to the presence of a partially molten layer, compared to a crust with no melt, demonstrates that the presence of melt slightly enhances upward advection of material and heat. Our experiments show that, when associated with boundary-driven extension, far-field horizontal extension provides space for the domes. Therefore, the buoyancy of migmatite cores contributes little to the outer envelope of metamorphic core complexes, although it may play a significant role in the internal dynamics of the partially molten layer. The presence of melt also favors heterogeneous bulk pure shear of the dome as opposed to the bulk simple shear, which dominates in melt-absent experiments. Melt presence affects the shape of P-T-t paths only slightly for material located near the top of the low-viscosity layer but leads to more complex flow paths for material inside the layer. The effect of extension rate is significant: at high extension rate (cm yr^− 1 in the core complex region), partially molten crust crystallizes and cools along a high geothermal gradient (35 to 65 °C km^− 1); material remains partially molten in the dome during ascent. At low strain rate (mm yr^− 1 in the core complex region), the partially molten crust crystallizes at high pressure; this material is subsequently deformed in the solid-state along a cooler geothermal gradient (20 to 35 °C km^− 1) during ascent. Therefore, the models predict distinct crystallization versus exhumation histories of migmatite cores as a function of extensional strain rates. The Shuswap metamorphic core complex (British Columbia, Canada) exemplifies a metamorphic core complex in which an asymmetric, detachment-controlled migmatite dome records rapid exhumation and cooling likely related to faster rates of extension. In contrast the Ruby Mountain-East Humboldt Ranges (Nevada, U.S.A.) exhibits characteristics associated with slower metamorphic core complexes.     

胶东半岛中生代构造演化的几何学和运动学

据岩石的变质相及变形特征可把胶东半岛分为5个地质单元,其构造几何关系由高至低为:1)板岩——砂岩单元;2)高压片麻岩——石英岩单元;3)大理岩——角闪岩单元;4)超高压变质单元,它经历了超过150km的深俯冲作用并快速折返至地表;5)片理化的混合岩穹隆单元,其为超高压变质单元叠加了混合岩化作用。这些构造单元均经历了相同的变形,具有NW指向的剪切特征。对比大别山构造学的研究结果,这种变形特征代表了超高压变质地体在折返过程中的运动学表现。混合岩穹隆中所残余含柯石英榴辉岩表明了胶东半岛和苏鲁地区具有相同的构造演化过程,烟台——青岛——五莲断裂不是华南板块与华北板块间的缝合带。     

广东河台金矿区印支期花岗岩与混合岩成因联系及大地构造意义

广东省河台金矿区位于两广交界的云开地区,矿区内印支期花岗岩、混合岩和韧性剪切带并存,是研究花岗岩与混合岩岩石成因关系的良好场所。通过LA-ICP-MS锆石U-Pb定年获得矿区内云楼岗花岗闪长岩的年龄为253±16Ma,云开群混合岩年龄为2403±51Ma,在分析误差范围内前者形成时间比后者早了约10Myr。云楼岗花岗闪长岩与云开群混合岩具有某些类似的地球化学特征:过铝质;高的K_2O含量、Fe_2O_3/MgO比值以及Rb、Pb、LREE含量和初始(~(87)Sr/~(86)Sr)(I_(Sr))比值;εNd(t)为负值;具有低的10000Ga/Al值;亏损Ba、Nb、Sr、P和Ti;SiO_2与TiO_2、Fe_2O_3T、CaO、Nb都具有负相关关系;这些特征表明它们可能都是壳源的。另外,两者中的黑云母都是再平衡的原生黑云母,表明成岩后两种岩石又在近乎相同的温压条件下遭受了改造。然而,云楼岗花岗闪长岩与云开群混合岩、变质沉积岩之间的稀土特征和Sr-Nd同位素又有所差异。前者Nd模式年龄为1821～1692Ma,明显晚于后两者(2264～1783Ma、2170～1910Ma);另外,岩体的Rb/Sr比值为14～16,明显低于混合岩的27～92。所以,云楼岗花岗闪长岩可能来自下地壳深熔作用,并混入有少量年轻地幔成分而形成的混合岩浆,而云开群混合岩只是变质沉积岩的原地熔融产物。因此,云楼岗花岗闪长体与邻近云开群混合岩不是同源的,前者也不是后者的最终产物。云楼岗岩体和云开群混合岩的形成时间可能分别代表了华南板块和印支板块碰撞高峰期和终了期。     

First rocks sampled in Antarctica (1840): Insights into the landing area and the Terre Adélie craton

In January 1840, Dumont d’Urville's expedition landed along the coast of “Terre Adélie” and took three rock specimens, the first ever sampled on the Antarctic continent. The petrological and geochemical study of these samples, stored at the “Muséum national d’histoire naturelle”, in Paris, characterizes them as migmatitic cordierite + microcline-bearing paragneiss and mesocratic quartz + biotite-bearing amphibolite. The paragneiss reached 670 °C at 3.2 kbar, suggesting an abnormal high-T gradient of ca. 60 °C/km during the regional metamorphism that affected the “Terre Adélie” craton 1.7 Ga ago. The studied samples are identical to the rocks observed at the “Rocher du Débarquement”, confirming that this was the actual landing place. On the other hand, quartz diorite and volcanic rocks reportedly sampled in Adélie Land during the same expedition and stored at Le Mans and Toulouse Museums do not originate from Antarctica. The examination of Dumont d’Urville's map suggests an icecap shrinking by 9 km in the landing area since 1840.     

Tectonic evolution of high-grade metamorphic terranes in central Vietnam: Constraints from large-scale monazite geochronology

Several metamorphic complexes in Southeast Asia have been interpreted as Precambrian basement, characterized by amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphism. In this paper, we re-evaluate the timing of this thermal event based on the large-scale geochronology and compositional variation of monazites from amphibolite to granulite facies metamorphic terranes in central Vietnam. Most of the samples in this study are from metamorphic rocks (n = 38) and granitoids (n = 11) in the Kontum Massif. Gneisses (n = 6) and granitoids (n = 5) from the Hai Van Migmatite Complex and the Truong Son Belt, located to the north of the massif, were also studied. Two distinct thermal episodes (245–230 Ma and 460–430 Ma) affected Kontum Massif gneisses, while a single dominant event at 240–220 Ma is recorded in the gneisses from the Hai Van Complex and the Truong Son Belt. Monazites from granitoids commonly yield an age of 240–220 Ma. Mesoproterozoic ages (1530–1340 Ma) were obtained only from monazite cores that are surrounded by c. 440 Ma overgrowths. Thermobarometric results, combined with concentrations of Y₂O₃, Ce₂O₃, and heavy rare earth elements in monazite, and recently reported pressure–temperature paths suggest that Triassic ages correspond to retrograde metamorphism following decompression from high- to medium-pressure/temperature conditions. Ordovician–Silurian ages reflect low-pressure/temperature metamorphism accompanied by isobaric heating during prograde metamorphism. Some samples were affected by both metamorphic events. We conclude that high-grade metamorphism observed in so-called Precambrian basement terranes in central Vietnam occurred during both the Permian–Triassic and the Ordovician–Silurian, while peraluminous granitoid magmatism is Triassic. Additionally, our preliminary analyses for U–Pb zircon age and whole-rock chemistry of granitic gneisses from the Truong Song Belt suggests the presence of the Ordovician–Silurian volcanic arc magmatism in the region. Based on the pressure–temperature–time–protolith evolutions, metamorphic rocks from central Vietnam provide a continuous record of subduction–accretion–collision tectonics between the South China and Indochina blocks: in the Ordovician–Silurian, the region was characterized by active continental margin tectonics, followed by continental collision during the Late Permian to Early Triassic and subsequent exhumation during the Late Triassic. The results also suggest that the timing of metamorphism and protolith formation as well as the geochemical features in other Southeast Asian terranes should be verified to achieve a better understanding of the Precambrian to Early Mesozoic tectonic history in Asia.     

Behaviour of boron in the generation of an anatectic complex: The Pen˜a Negra complex, central Spain

The Pe˜na Negra anatectic complex (central Spain) was formed from a pelitic protolith low in boron (3–80 ppm), by dehydration reactions, melting and fluid loss, which expelled much of the boron; residual B is present in sillimanite and muscovite. Migmatite melanosomes and restites (sillimanite + biotite + ilmenite) are relatively richer in B (mean 29 ppm), while the leucosomes are poorer (13 ppm). Late shears, fractures and zones of retrograde alteration have permitted some reintroduction of B. Experiments demonstrated that B cannot be removed from these rocks by heating or by leaching, indicating that very little is present in superficial adsorption and that the element occurs in mineral structures.