ENCLOSURE EXPERIMENTS ON AND LACUSTRINE PRACTICE FOR ELIMINATING MICROCYSTIS BLOOM

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Contributions of phosphatase and microbial activity to internal phosphorus loading and their relation to lake eutrophication

Phosphatase may accelerate the process of lake eutrophication through improving phosphorus bioavailability. This mechanism was studied in three Chinese eutrophic shallow lakes (Lake Taihu, Lake Longyang and Lake Lianhua). Phosphatase activity was related to the concentration of soluble reactive phosphorus (SRP) and chlorophyll a. Stability of dissolved phosphatase in reverse micelles may be attributed to molecular size, conformation and active residues of the enzyme. At the site with Microcystis bloomed in Lake Taihu, dissolved phosphatase activity was higher and more stable in micelles, SRP concentrations were lower in interstitial water, the contents of different forms of phosphorus and the amounts of aerobic bacteria were lower while respiration efficiency was higher in sediments. Phosphobacteria, both inorganic and organic and other microorganisms were abundant in surface water but rare in sediments. Therefore, internal phosphorus may substantially flux into water column by enzymatic hydrolysis and anaerobic release, together with mobility of bacteria, thereby initiating the bloom. In short, biological mechanism may act in concert with physical and chemical factors to drive the internal phosphorus release and accelerate lake eutrophication.     

The blooms of a cyanobacterium, Microcystis cf. aeruginosa in a severely polluted estuary, the Golden Horn, Turkey

The distribution of toxic cyanobacterium Microcystis cf. aeruginosa in the severely polluted Golden Horn Estuary was studied from 1998 to 2000. Microcystis persisted at the upper estuary where the water circulation was poor and values ranged between 2.9 × 10⁴ and 2.7 × 10⁶ cells ml⁻¹ throughout the study. Simultaneously measured physical (salinity, temperature, rainfall and secchi disc) and chemical parameters (nutrients and dissolved oxygen) were evaluated together with Microcystis data. Although the Microcystis blooms generally occur in summer due to the increase in temperature, the blooms were recorded in winter in the present study. The abundance of Microcystis depended on the variations in salinity and both blooms were recorded below S = 2. A moderate partial correlation between Microcystis abundance and salinity was detected in the presence of temperature, dissolved oxygen and precipitation data (r = −0.561, p = 0.002). The M. cf. aeruginosa abundance was low in the summer when the salinity was higher than winter. A remarkable increase in the eukaryotic phytoplankton abundance following the improvements in the water quality of the estuary occurred, whilst the Microcystis abundance remained below bloom level.     

太湖群体微囊藻对同形溞(Daphnia similis)生长和繁殖影响的模拟

富营养湖泊中蓝藻水华对枝角类种群和群落结构有显著的影响,但自然条件下群体微囊藻对大型枝角类溞属不同种类的影响仍存在争议.本研究通过两次为期各10 d的模拟实验,利用过滤后的太湖原水模拟群体微囊藻(20～100μm和100 ～200 μm)添加对大型枝角类同形溞(Daphnia similis)种群特征的影响,结果显示两次实验的同形溞均大量存活,不同浓度和颗粒大小的群体微囊藻对其生长和繁殖的影响不同,添加群体微囊藻的同形溞的生长和繁殖显著大于未添加微囊藻的.说明在自然条件下藻毒素对同形溞种群并没有明显的抑制作用,同形溞能够与微囊藻水华共存,其种群特征与微囊藻群体大小组成和生物量有关.     

微生物对太湖微囊藻的好氧降解研究

通过模拟实验研究了微生物对微囊藻残体的降解作用。水体内悬浮质和各主要形态磷浓度的变化结果表明：微囊藻的好氧分解符合一级动力学,其乳浮质和颗粒性磷的浓度呈指数关系递减,降解速度分别为０．２２７／ｄ和０．０８８／ｄ。经３２ｄ降解后,水体内的总溶解磷和可达总磷的５３％,而ＴＤＰ的主要成分为ＰＯ＾３－Ｒ。     

磷化氢及其氧化产物动态释放对铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)生长的影响

提要就磷化氢释放对铜绿微囊藻的生长进行了研究,采用藻类生长潜力试验(AGP)的方法,研究了磷化氢及其氧化产物亚磷酸盐、次亚磷酸盐对水华暴发优势藻类(铜绿微囊藻)的生长的影响,结果表明：磷化氢及其氧化产物对铜绿微囊藻的生长有重要的影响。富营养水体磷化氢的释放可能在引起湖泊水华暴发中起到了重要的作用。     

太湖微囊藻的生长动力学

Following the development of local industries, agriculture and the increase of living standard of people, Lake Taihu is in the meso-eutrophication stage. The main eutrophication part in this lake is the Meiling Bay. The dominant phytoplankton species are Microcystis, Anabena, Melosira, Cyclotella and Cryptomonas. In summer, Microcystis spp. occupys 85% of algae biomass and form the water bloom. This causes the trouble for the people lived around the lake, especially for the drinking water of Wuxi City.The Microcystis intrinsic rate was high, the Max. growth rate 1.27. Besides Microcystis own characteristics, its growth depended on irradiation, temperature and nutrients, especially the phosphorus. This paper also discussed the possibility of biomanipulation for restoration of lake ecology and the control strategy of lake eutrophication.     

铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)和蛋白核小球藻(Chlorella pyrenoidosa)生长及光合活性对温度和光照交互作用的响应

通过室内纯培养,分别设定不同温度梯度(14、16、18℃)和光照梯度(100、250、360 μmol/(m2·s)),以模拟全球气候变化条件下,温带湖泊春季温度升高与光照减弱交互作用对铜绿微囊藻和蛋白核小球藻生长和光合活性的影响.通过流式细胞计数测定其生长曲线,观测其变化趋势,并利用叶绿素荧光仪PHYTO-PAM测定藻类光合活性.结果表明,当温度为18℃,光强为100μmol/(m2·s)时,铜绿微囊藻生长速率最大,细胞密度达到2.99×106cells/ml.在该温度和光照强度下,其光合活性也远高于其他实验组,其Fv/Fm值达到最大值0.39.蛋白核小球藻在温度为16和18℃时,其生长速率差异不大,但明显高于在温度为14℃时的生长速率,其光合活性处于波动状态.与蛋白核小球藻相比,温度升高和光照减弱对铜绿微囊藻生长和光合活性的促进作用更为明显,而且随着温度的升高,铜绿微囊藻生长对低光的偏好更为显著.因此,全球变暖所导致的高温低光环境可能有利于确立铜绿微囊藻在湖泊中的优势地位.     

环境因子对三峡库区铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)群体形成影响及其形态特征

为揭示微囊藻群体形成机理,为有效防治水华暴发提供依据,以三峡库区铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)为研究对象,研究N、P浓度,Ca~(2+)浓度,光强,温度对铜绿微囊藻生长、胞外多糖(EPS)合成和群体微囊藻形成的影响,并对比分析了单细胞和群体微囊藻的形态特征.研究发现当N≤100 mg/L、P≤5 mg/L时,铜绿微囊藻生物量和EPS合成量随着N、P浓度增加而增加;适宜浓度的Ca~(2+)(65 mg/L)有利于藻生长,EPS产量随着Ca~(2+)浓度增加而降低,过高浓度的Ca~(2+)在刺激微囊藻细胞分泌EPS的同时可能会促进其溶解,Ca~(2+)和EPS均对微囊藻群体形成起桥架粘结作用;光照和温度对EPS合成有一定促进作用,且其促进效果均高于N、P和Ca~(2+)作用,20℃是同时满足微囊藻生长及EPS合成的最有利条件.群体细胞比单细胞周围的胶质鞘更加明显和清晰,多糖胶鞘表面有许多Ca~(2+)晶体,从微观角度可以确定Ca~(2+)在EPS合成及群体形成中起着重要作用.     

实时荧光定量PCR方法检测南太湖入湖口产毒微囊藻

南太湖入湖口产毒微囊藻的丰度对于周边县市取水口的水质安全和太湖水质有着重要影响.以藻毒素合成酶基因mcyE/ndaF为靶基因,建立实时荧光定量PCR检测产毒微囊藻的方法,并对南太湖入湖口7个监测点水样中产毒微囊藻的丰度进行检测,结果表明:该实时荧光定量PCR方法的特异性强及准确性、重复性较好.建立铜绿微囊藻(Microcystis aeruginosa)的标准曲线方程为y=-3.454x+49.88,斜率为-3.454,R~2=0.991,扩增效率E为94.6%,定量检测区间为1.689×10~4~1.689×10~8拷贝数/μl.对南太湖入湖口7个监测点检测表明,夹浦和合溪2个监测点的产毒微囊藻数量最高,预测产毒微囊藻浓度分别为(1.99±0.35)×10~5和(1.47±0.23)×10~5cells/ml.7个监测点的产毒微囊藻的种类较为一致,均为铜绿微囊藻.该方法可以快速准确地检测水体中微囊藻毒素产毒藻种种类和数量,为蓝藻水华监测、预警提供技术依据.