中国及邻区石炭纪构造古地理及生物古地理

本文包括3部分:（1）扼要回顾了中国及邻区晚海西阶段的地质构造背景和构造古地理特征。根据全球构造活动论和地壳发展阶段论的观点,把中国及邻区晚海西阶段的大地构造单元分为4个构造域,10个亚构造域。（2）论述中国和世界石炭纪生物古地理分区。根据四射珊瑚和腕足动物群分析,把全球早石炭世生物古地理区系分为两个生物大区、6个生物区和8个生物亚区。在中国境内对生物亚区内部生物地方中心的分异作了进一步划分。（3）简述中国石炭纪古地理和某些有关的沉积矿产。中国石炭系矿产除了重要的煤以外,还有石膏矿、铝土矿和不同类型的铁矿。这些沉积矿产的分布主要受到古气候、古地理和构造条件的控制。     

贵州遵义下寒武统黑色岩系型Ni,Mo矿床Rb-Sr同位素测年与示踪研究

湘、黔地区张家界、遵义一带分布有黑色岩系型Ni-Mo-PGE矿床,对Re-Os同位素研究发现张家界和遵义两地矿床虽相距400km,但它们是同一期矿化作用的产物,其等时线年龄(542Ma±11Ma)为金属矿物生成年龄,也为矿化年龄,接近前寒武纪和寒武纪的分界时限,而铷-锶测年一般被认为是反映后期构造热事件年龄,研究发现Rb-Sr等时线年龄大约为277Ma±37Ma,相当于石炭与二叠界线年龄(290Ma),属于海西晚期。Rb-Sr同位素体系与Re-Os同位素体系有显然不同的物质来源。Re,Os同位素显示它们是同一期矿化作用的产物,而187Os/186Os=16.355～96.664(平均62.081),不仅高于陨石和地幔的相应值,也高于海洋沉积物的比值,其下限值与地壳的均值较为接近,体现了陆相壳源特征,显然黑色岩系的物质来源多样,不限于海水。87Sr/86Sr为0.7120±0.0020,明显高于玄武岩的值(0.704),而比陆源硅酸盐的值(0.720)偏低,表明为陆源物质和深源物质的混合物,而且深源物质对87Sr/86Sr的影响大于来自于岛弧间浅海陆棚地区的陆源物质。因为后生期构造热变质事件与有机质的热解过程或热演化史相关,所以该过程应影响了成矿早期富集的PGE元素在后生期,伴随着热变质事件而出现在富烃有机质流体中的活化、迁移以及再次富集。     

基于归一化能量谱目标函数的全波形反演方法

基于L2范数的常规全波形反演目标函数是一个强非线性泛函,在反演过程中容易陷入局部极小值.本文提出归一化能量谱目标函数来缓解全波形反演过程中的强非线性问题,同时能够有效地缓解噪声和震源子波不准等因素的影响.能量谱目标函数是通过匹配观测数据与模拟数据随频率分布的能量信息来实现最小二乘反演的,其忽略了地震数据波形与相位变化的细节特征,这在反演的过程中能够有效缓解波形匹配错位等问题.数值测试结果表明,基于归一化能量谱目标函数在构建初始速度模型、抗噪性和缓解震源子波依赖等方面都优于归一化全波形反演目标函数.金属矿模型测试结果表明,即使地震数据缺失低频分量,基于归一化能量谱目标函数的全波形反演方法在像金属矿这样的强散射介质反演问题上同样具有一定的优势.     

成矿系列理论与找矿预测应用研究——“矿床成矿系列综合信息找矿预测”专辑特邀主编寄语

矿床成矿系列理论从20世纪70年代初开始提出, 先后指导了我国胶东、南岭、秦岭等重要成矿省进行区域成矿规律研究, 并进一步促进上述区域的找矿预测工作。实践经验证明该理论对于总结我国纷繁复杂的成矿规律具有实用性, 其更加适合中国多旋回渐进式演化、多成矿域交汇的实际情况。随着信息技术的发展, 将矿床成矿系列与综合信息找矿技术进行深度融合, 将能更好地促进我国的矿产资源潜力评价工作。鉴于此, 此次专辑依托于全国潜力评价项目、全国动态潜力评价项目和深部重点研发项目, 收录 15篇成矿系列理论指导找矿预测应用论文, 主要涉及不同矿种从区域小比例尺成矿预测到深边部的大比例尺预测的应用研究成果, 旨在为新一轮找矿突破战略行动中找矿工作选区和部署提供技术与应用示范。     

Geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi Carlintype gold district(Southwest Guizhou,China) and their geological implications

The newly discovered Baogudi gold district is located in the southwestern Guizhou Province,China,where there are numerous Carlin-type gold deposits.To better understand the geological and geochemical characteristics of the Baogudi gold district,we carried out petrographic observations,elemental analyses,and fluid inclusion and isotopic composition studies.We also compared the results with those of typical Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou.Three mineralization stages,namely,the sedimentation diagenesis,hydrothermal(main-ore and late-ore substages),and supergene stages,were identified based on field and petrographic observations.The main-ore and late-ore stages correspond to Au and Sb mineralization,respectively,which are similar to typical Carlin-type mineralization.The mass transfer associated with alteration and mineralization shows that a significant amount of Au,As,Sb,Hg,Tl,Mo,and S were added to mineralized rocks during the main-ore stage.Remarkably,arsenic,Sb,and S were added to the mineralized rocks during the late-ore stage.Element migration indicates that the sulfidation process was responsible for ore formation.Four types of fluid inclusions were identified in ore-related quartz and fluorite.The main-ore stage fluids are characterized by an H2O–NaCl–CO2–CH4±N2system,with medium to low temperatures(180–260℃)and low salinity(0–9.08%NaCl equivalent).The late-ore stage fluids featured H2O–NaCl±CO2±CH4,with low temperature(120–200℃)and low salinity(0–7.48%Na Cl equivalent).The temperature,salinity,and CO2and CH4concentrations of ore-forming fluids decreased from the main-ore stage to the late-ore stage.The calculated δ^13C,d D,and δ^18O values of the ore-forming fluids range from-14.3 to-7.0%,-76 to-55.7%,and 4.5–15.0%,respectively.Late-ore-stage stibnite had δ^34S values ranging from-0.6 to 1.9%.These stable isotopic compositions indicate that the ore-forming fluids originated mainly from deep magmatic hydrothermal fluids,with minor contributions from strata.Collectively,the Baogudi metallogenic district has geological and geochemical characteristics that are typical of Carlin-type gold deposits in southwest Guizhou.It is likely that the Baogudi gold district,together with other Carlin-type gold deposits in southwestern Guizhou,was formed in response to a single widespread metallogenic event.     

西藏地区现代沉积物中介形类环境指示意义初探

于2008和2012年先后2次从西藏阿里和那曲地区61个不同水体,包括不同盐度的湖泊、湿地、浅水坑和河流等,共采集了78个水体表层沉积物样品,用以研究该地区现生介形类的生态分布及其环境指示意义.经鉴定,阿里和那曲地区现生介形类共计11属38种.除Ilyocypris neoaspera等5个种外,本次调查的介形类各属种均在湖泊中出现,尤以Limnocythere dubiosa的总壳瓣数最为丰富.Ilyocypris属中除Ilyocypris subdunshanensis和Ilyocypris xizangensis外,其余各种均喜浅水坑的小型浅水环境.Leucocythere dilitata、Limnocythere dubiosa、Limnocytherellina kunlunensis和Eucypris rischtanica为该地区的广盐种.其中Limnocythere dubiosa和Leucocythere dilitata适应盐度范围最广,在不同盐度的各类水体中均有出现.本次研究中的介形类均喜碱性水体,在p H值为8~9的水体中介形类各属种的丰度值达到最大.     

汉江上游安康东段全新世古洪水沉积学与水文学研究

通过沿汉江上游河谷深入的考察,在安康东段发现了典型的古洪水滞流沉积剖面.通过采集样品、实验分析,确定它们是古洪水在高水位滞流环境当中的悬移质沉积物.根据地层对比、OSL测年和相关文化层年代,确定它们分别记录了发生在BL+AL与YD事件转折阶段(12500 a B.P.)的古洪水事件和发生在1000-900 a B.P.(1000-1100AD),即北宋后期的洪水事件.根据古洪水SWD的高程恢复其洪峰水位,结合相关参数,利用面积比降法计算恢复流量.结果表明在万年尺度,汉江上游古洪水洪峰流量介于35970~47400 m³/s之间.同时,利用2010年大洪水洪痕恢复计算洪峰流量,对古洪水洪峰流量计算结果进行了验证.进而结合历史洪水和观测洪水数据,获得了汉江上游万年尺度洪水洪峰流量与频率关系.这为汉江上游的水利水电和交通工程建设以及沿岸城镇防洪减灾提供了基础性数据.     

隐爆角砾岩型金矿床成矿特征浅析--以山西堡子湾、河南祁雨沟金矿床为例

中酸性岩浆侵入体隐蔽爆破作用形成角砾岩体(筒)的同时于其中形成隐爆角砾岩型金矿床.侵入岩体规模一般较小,岩性主要为闪长岩类、石英(二长)斑岩类或正长岩类的中酸性岩石.角砾岩体在平面上呈近圆形或椭圆形,面积相对较小,在剖面上呈垂直地表的筒状,深部一般与中酸性侵入岩体相连.角砾的成分在浅部多为围岩角砾,往深部逐渐变为以花岗质角砾为主,胶结物主要是细岩屑和蚀变矿物.中酸性侵入体是矿床的成矿母岩,隐爆作用的发生及形成的隐爆角砾岩体(筒)是容矿构造,角砾岩体中的次级断裂是控矿构造,各因素对于此类型金矿床的形成起着重要的作用.     

Classification of Magmatic Sulphide Deposits in China and Mineralization of Small Intrusions

Many important metal resources, such as Ni （Cu, Co）, PGE, exist in magmatic sulfide deposits, are a hot spot in geological research. We divide the magmatic sulphide deposits in China into four types according to their tectonic setting, intruding mode, ore deposit mode, main metallogenic elements. The four types are as follows： （1） Small-intrusion deposits in paleo-continent; （2） Smallintrusion deposits in continental flood basalt; （3） Small-intrusion deposits in orogenic belt; and （4） The deposits associated with ophiolites. On the basis of the classification, we put forward that the main magmatic metallogenic type in China is small-intrusion metallogeny, and describe its characteristics from small intrusions related concept, three geologic settings, three volcanic-intrusive assemblages and metallogenic key factors. According to the experiences of prospecting at home and abroad, we point out that there is big potential in prospecting small-intrusion deposits, which need further study. At last, we indicate that small-intrusion metallogeny not only widely distributes in mafic-ultramafic intrusions, but also has an important economic value and scientific significance in intermediate-acid intrusions.