Maps of hco+ Emission in c/1995 o1 (Hale–Bopp)

On-the-Fly maps of emission from the HCO⁺ J = 3-2 transition at 267.6 GHz were obtained of C/1995 O1 (Hale-Bopp) on 1997 Mar 15.6 UT using the NRAO 12-m telescope with high spatial resolution. Unlike the relatively symmetric and centralized maps of the neutral species CO, HCN and H₂CO, the spatial extent of HCO⁺ emission is very diffuse with a complex structure characterized by at least two physically different regions. The bulk of the HCO⁺ emission peaks in intensity ∼175,000 km anti-sunward from the nuclear position. This peak emission does not fall directly along the anti-sunward direction, but is rotated by ∼10 degrees toward the east from the anti-sunward direction. A substantial void, or decrease, of HCO⁺ emission is observed within ∼ 55,000 km of the nucleus. The HCO⁺ emission in this void is roughly half the intensity of the emission observed 100,000 km away. This decrease of HCO⁺ emission near the nucleus may indicate that production or excitation of HCO⁺ is inhibited, or perhaps that HCO⁺ is easily destroyed in the inner coma, especially within ∼50,000 km of the nucleus. This void roughly coincides with the approximate location and size of the so-called “diamagnetic cavity” in the coma and may mark a significant transition region in the inner coma of Hale-Bopp This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Acid drainage from sulfides hosting gold mineralization (Furtei, Sardinia)

 The past mining activity for kaolin minerals left several abandoned quarries in the area of Furtei (southern Sardinia). Recently, gold mineralization has been found in association with intensely altered andesitic rocks, and an open-pit gold mine is expected to open in the near future. Twenty-one water samples were analyzed for a wide range of major and trace elements, in order to define the present hydrochemical situation before exploitation starts. Waters interacting with the altered andesitic rocks had higher salinity and metal concentrations than waters in contact with nonaltered rocks. Acid drainage and high concentrations of metals (Al, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, As) in solution were observed in waters leaching the mineral deposit. An environmental impact study is urgently called for since the waste material derived from the exploitation is expected to enhance acidification and metal-releasing processes, due to the increase in the specific yield, which favors the oxidation of sufide minerals. Received: 15 February 1995 · Accepted: 10 October 1995     

Scientific CMOS Pixels

High performance CMOS pixels are introduced; and their development is discussed. 3T (3-transistor) photodiode, 5T pinned diode, 6T photogate and 6T photogate back illuminated CMOS pixels are examined in detail, and the latter three are considered as scientific pixels. The advantages and disadvantages of these options for scientific CMOS pixels are examined. Pixel characterization, which is used to gain a better understanding of CMOS pixels themselves, is also discussed. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

The spatial and temporal distribution and characteristics of inorganic ion concentrations of TSP in the Tarim Basin

Based on Total Suspended Particulates （TSP） observations of Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng in 2009, combined wa- ter-soluble inorganic ion analyses, this paper studied the spatial and temporal distribution of TSP in the Tarim Basin and analyzed concentration characteristics. The results are as follows： （1） monthly average TSP concentrations shows a similar trend in Tazhong, Tikanli, Kashi and Minfeng with peak values in April-May and low values in November-December. As for the quarter average mass concentration trends, spring has the highest value, followed by summer and autumn, and winter is the lowest; （2） total annual concentration trend of water-soluble inorganic ions in TSP is as follows： Tazhong 〉 Tikanli 〉 Minfeng 〉 Kashi. SO4^2- concentra- tions are 58%, 50%, 54% and 51% of total ion concentration; Ca^2＋ concentrations are 13%, 16%, 16% and 11%; Na^＋ concentra- tions are 12%, 13%, 10% and 12% and Cl^- concentrations are 12%, 16%, 11% and 22%, respectively. Therefore, sulfate, calcium, sodium and chloride ions are the main inorganic components of TSP in the Tarim Basin; （3） the correlation coefficients of anions and cations in Tikanli, Minfeng, Kashi and Tazhong are 0.99, 0.99, 0.25 and 0.91, respectively; the average anion concentrations are 2.57, 2.12, 2.15 and 3.02 times the average cation concentrations, indicating that ions were unbalanced; （4） SO4^2-/NO3^- ratio is much larger than the ratio of coal-fired emissions SO4^2-/NO3^-, thus the impact of fixed emission sources in the four regions on the atmosphere is far greater than that of mobile emission sources.     

Metal (Al, Fe, Mn and Cu) distributions and origins of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in the surface sediments of the Marmara Sea and the coast of Istanbul, Turkey

In this study, total metal (Al, Fe, Mn and Cu) and PAHs analyses have been done in the surface sediments. Sediment samples have been collected from seven parts of the Marmara Sea and the coast of Istanbul during 2009. Total Al, Fe, Mn and Cu contents vary between 1.8% and 5.4%; 1.1% and 2.8%; 122 and 259 μg g⁻¹; 27 and 416 μg g⁻¹, respectively. EF and CF values of Fe and Mn are lower than 1.5 and 1, respectively, in all the stations. Total PAH contents range between 135 and 6009 ng g⁻¹ in the surface sediments. The origin of PAHs has been found pyrolitic according to the Phe/Ant ratio in the all stations. Contrastingly, at K0, MKC and MY1 Stations, PAH origins have been observed petrogenic according to the Flu/Pyr ratio.     

Removal of Heavy Metals from Synthetic Mixture as well as Pharmaceutical Sample Via Cation Exchange Resin Modified with Rhodamine B: Its Thermodynamic and Kinetic Studies

A new sorbent was prepared by loading rhodamine B on Amberlite IR‐120. Various physico‐chemical parameters such as effects of adsorbate concentration, contact time, pH, and temperature on the sorption of the dye have been studied. Thermodynamic parameters (ΔH° and ΔS°) were also evaluated for the sorption of dye. Kinetic studies revealed that the sorption of the dye was best fit for pseudo‐second‐order kinetic. The metal ion uptake in different solvent systems has been explored through column studies. On the basis of distribution coefficient (K_d), some heavy metal ions of analytical interest from binary mixtures have been separated. The limit of detection (LOD) for the Ni²⁺ and Fe³⁺ metal ions was 0.81 and 0.60 µg L^?1, and the limit of quantification (LOQ) was found to be 2.72 and 2.0 µg L^?1. This sorbent has also been successfully applied in the analysis of multivitamin formulation. The applicability of the modified resin in the separation of heavy metals constituting real and synthetic samples has been explored.     

Automatic 3D modelling of metal frame connections from LiDAR data for structural engineering purposes

The automatic generation of 3D as-built models from LiDAR data is a topic where significant progress has been made in recent years. This paper describes a new method for the detection and automatic 3D modelling of frame connections and the formation of profiles comprising a metal frame from LiDAR data. The method has been developed using an approach to create 2.5D density images for subsequent processing using the Hough transform. The structure connections can be automatically identified after selecting areas in the point cloud. As a result, the coordinates of the connection centre, composition (profiles, size and shape of the haunch) and direction of their profiles are extracted. A standard file is generated with the data obtained from the geometric and semantic characterisation of the connections. The 3D model of connections and metal frames, which are suitable for processing software for structural engineering applications, are generated automatically based on this file. The algorithm presented in this paper has been tested under laboratory conditions and also with several industrial portal frames, achieving promising results. Finally, 3D models were generated, and structural calculations were performed.     

Remediation of Iron,Manganese, and Organic Pollutants in Lignite‐Derived Water Using an Upflow Biological Aerated Filter

A large amount of lignite‐derived water is created during the process of refining lignite. The concentration of Fe, Mn, phenol, and some other organic pollutants of the lignite‐derived water is above the discharge permit or circulating cooling water reuse standard in China. A laboratory‐scale upflow biological aerated filter (UBAF) was developed to treat this lignite‐derived water. Three kinds of coke powders, as waste products in the coal chemical industry with 0.1–0.4 mm, 0.5–1.0 mm, and 1.0–2.0 mm in diameter, were tested as the UBAF's carrier materials. A comparative study of gas–water ratio for the UBAF is presented. The studies presented in this paper demonstrate that with coke powder diameter of 0.5–1.0 mm and gas/water ratio of 7:1, the UBAF reactor can achieve optimal removal efficiency. After the UBAF treatment, the removal efficiency of Fe, Mn, and phenol was found to be 38.4–62.5%, 56.6–74.3%, and 89.5–94.3%, respectively. The lignite‐derived water can meet the discharge permit to surface water and reuse standard for circulating cooling water after the treatment by UBAF. The coke powder, as a waste material, can be used as a support material for UBAF very well.     

Effects of Lime‐Based Waste Materials on Immobilization and Phytoavailability of Cadmium and Lead in Contaminated Soil

Low cost lime‐based waste materials have recently been used to immobilize metals in contaminated soils. This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of oyster shells and eggshells as lime‐based waste materials on immobilization of cadmium (Cd) and lead (Pb) in contaminated soil, as well as their effects on metal availability to maize plants (Zea mays L.). Oyster shells and eggshells were applied to soils at 1 and 5% w/w, after which they were subject to 420 days of incubation. The toxicity characteristic leaching procedure (TCLP) test was employed to determine the mobility of Cd and Pb in soils. The results showed that the addition of waste materials effectively reduced the metal mobility as indicated by the decrease in the concentration of TCLP‐extractable Cd and Pb, and this was mainly due to significant increases in soil pH (from 6.74 in untreated soil to 7.85–8.13 in treated soil). A sequential extraction indicated that the addition of such alkaline wastes induced a significant decline in the concentration of Cd in the exchangeable fraction (from 23.64% in untreated soil to 1.90–3.81% in treated soil), but it increased the concentration of Cd in the carbonate fraction (from 19.59% in untreated soil to 36.66–46.36% in treated soil). In the case of Pb, the exchangeable fraction was also reduced (from 0.67% in untreated soil to 0.00–0.01% in treated soil), and the fraction of Pb bound to carbonate was slightly increased (from 16.61% in untreated soil to 16.41–18.25% in treated soil). Phytoavailability tests indicated that the metal concentrations in the shoots of maize plant were reduced by 63.39–77.29% for Cd and by 47.34–75.95% for Pb in the amended soils, with no significant differences being observed for the amendment types and the application rates. Overall, these results indicate that oyster shells and eggshells can be used as low cost lime‐based amendments for immobilizing Cd and Pb in contaminated soils.     

四苯硼钠—季铵盐质量滴定法分析钾含量研究

依据四苯硼钠—季铵盐容量法滴定K⁺离子的原理,采用质量滴定法,考察了滴定速度、松节油加入量对四苯硼钠与季铵盐反应的影响及共存离子(包括Li⁺、Mg²⁺、Ca²⁺、SO2-₄、B₄O2-₇、CO2-₃)对K⁺含量测定结果的影响。当测定K⁺离子含量在5～15 mg范围内,松节油最佳加入量为25滴,分析误差< 0.3%。