Characterisation of the environmental impact of the Rodalquilar mine,Spain by ground-based reflectance spectroscopy

This study has investigated the utility of using field-based reflectance spectroscopy to characterise the distribution and nature of the dispersion of tailings material from the Rodalquilar mine, Spain. Field spectral measurements covering the visible to shortwave infrared wavelengths (0.35 to 2.5 m) and laboratory analyses were performed on samples collected along the length of the main river within the Rodalquilar valley. The nature and degree of contamination at locations within the river channel were calculated by a range of spectrometric analyses. The resulting mineral maps identified that tailings material with significant amounts of hematite with minor jarosite, ferrihydrite and goethite, and clays, primarily alunite and kaolinite, with minor smectite and illite, had been dispersed along the length of the river. These results have been used to improve understanding of the erosion and remediation history of the Rodalquilar mine. This study has shown the potential of field-based reflectance spectroscopy, integrated with ground positioning and digital mapping systems, as a real-time mapping methodology enabling immediate, accurate characterisation of the nature and scale of tailings material dispersion.     

Metal pollution in coarse sediments of Tuticorin coast,Southeast coast of India

Indian coastal waters are subjected to considerable pressure from sewage and industrial wastes, which are responsible for the contamination of the coastal sediments with consequent loss in biosphere. The present investigation attempts to study the significance of coarse material (Sand fraction) in the distribution of metals in polluted marine sediments. The study revealed that coarse Sand component contains a relatively significant proportion of the anthropogenic metals (Cd, Cu, Pb and Zn) and therefore it cannot be neglected in metal pollution studies of coastal sediments. Further, the distribution of anthropogenic metals in both Silt + Clay and Sand fraction follow the same suit indicating similar pollution sources. From the total sediment type (Silt + Clay and Sand fraction) all anthropogenic metals had a noticeable amount (>50%) in the acid extractable (and potentially bio-available) fraction. This article stresses the importance of coarse fraction in metal pollution studies in Indian coastal system.     

锡-银多金属成矿系统的基本特征、研究进展与展望

锡-银多金属成矿系统主要产于主动大陆边缘、板内伸展和造山后伸展等构造背景中。全球典型成矿带包括玻利维亚南部带、俄罗斯远东Sikhote-Alin带、我国大兴安岭南段、南岭和欧洲Erzgebirge地区。成矿相关岩浆岩主要为浅成中酸性侵入体或次火山岩体,包括流纹英安-流纹质火山/次火山岩、石英斑岩、花岗斑岩、花岗闪长斑岩等,并与同期火山岩和碱性基性岩脉密切共生。岩浆源区不仅有大量地壳物质的参与,还普遍存在不同比例地幔物质成分的加入。围岩蚀变由早到晚、由成矿中心向外依次发育电气石化/云英岩化、绢云母化、伊利石化和高级泥化,金属矿化组合相应的依次为Sn(-W)→Zn-CuPb-Sn→Ag-Pb-Zn-Sb-Sn→Ag-Sb-Pb,锡矿化产于电气石和云英岩化带内,银矿化产于伊利石化和高级泥化带内。以银为主矿体多在浅部呈多条陡立脉状产出,以锡为主的矿体在深部呈大脉状和热液角砾岩体产出,也可呈浸染状或细网脉状产出(此时称为斑岩型锡矿)。此类矿床还常伴生In、Cd、Ga等矿化,主要产于闪锌矿、黄铜矿和方铅矿为主的硫化物成矿阶段。对成矿金属起源的研究显示锡可能主要来自中上地壳富锡的变质沉积岩,但银的来源尚无明确解释,沉积岩、地幔、围岩地层可能都有贡献。岩浆较低的氧逸度条件和富Cl的成分有利于形成富锡和其它金属的成矿流体,成矿早期流体常具有较高的盐度,伴随温度的降低和天水流体的稀释过程,流体由早期的高温高盐度逐渐演化到晚期的低温低盐度,并伴随不同金属的依次沉淀,这一过程中,可能多期次流体的叠加作用对大型矿床的形成起重要作用。在前人研究基础上,提出了本类型矿床研究中存在的一些关键问题:(1)普遍存在的壳幔相互作用在成矿过程中的作用尚不明确,地幔物质可能是重要的热源、硫和金属的来源;(2)火山作用与成矿之间的关系及其所起的作用;(3)在同一锡-银多金属成矿带中,富锡贫银、富银贫锡、富锡又富银这三类矿床之间的成因联系如何?造成它们金属组合差异的原因如何?可能需要从岩体侵位深度、矿床剥蚀程度、成矿流体性质等方面进行研究探讨;(4)不同金属元素的起源与耦合成矿作用,Sn-Ag-In等重要的成矿元素可能不是相同的起源,其进入流体的时间及沉淀的物理化学条件也是有差异的,它们在同一矿床中耦合成矿的详细过程与机制尚不清楚,原位微区流体包裹体成分分析、硫化物微量元素和同位素原位分析和面扫描技术可能是解决这一难题的重要手段。上述问题的解决不仅有助于提高对锡-银多金属矿床成矿过程的认识,还可为相关矿床的勘查找矿工作提供理论支持。     

Mercury bioaccumulation in the spotted dogfish (Scyliorhinus canicula) from the Atlantic Ocean

The annual and life-cycle mercury bioaccumulation pattern in selected tissues of the economically relevant Elasmobranchii species Scyliorhinus canicula was studied, and the risks associated with its consumption evaluated.Preferential mercury bioaccumulation occurred in muscle tissue, and followed the order muscle > heart > liver > gills > pancreas. Total mercury in muscle tissue ranged from 0.13 mg kg⁻¹ (wwt) in 1+ year old males to 0.8 mg kg⁻¹ (wwt) in 8+ year old mature females, with no significant differences found between genders, and no clear lifespan bioaccumulation pattern observed, except for mature females. Organic mercury in the muscle ranged from 0.05 mg kg⁻¹ (wwt) to 0.52 mg kg⁻¹ (wwt), corresponding to an average of 70% of total mercury content. In mature females, a significant correlation (R = 0.99, P = 0.01) was found between size and organic mercury fraction, suggesting reproduction as an important factor controlling organic mercury bioaccumulation in the spotted dogfish.     

用于阻尼器结构不锈钢丝金属橡胶元件力学性能试验研究

为研究金属橡胶材料用作土木工程结构消能减震阻尼器的力学性能,本文针对不同成型密度的金属橡胶阻尼元件,分别在静力、动力荷载作用下进行了压缩性能试验,测试加载幅值、循环加载次数、元件成型密度、动力加载频率等因素对金属橡胶元件阻尼耗能的影响规律。研究结果表明,金属橡胶材料有着良好的弹性和阻尼特性,其滞变耗能能力随着成型密度、加载幅值的增加而增大;加载频率和加载次数对金属橡胶滞变性能几乎没有影响。     

Accumulation of Heavy Metals by Chickpea Grown in Fly Ash Treated Soil: Effect on Antioxidants

Chickpea grown in fly ash (FA) treated soil (25, 50, and 100% FA) was used to evaluate the effect of FA on antioxidants, metal concentration (Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, and Cd), photosynthetic pigments (chlorophyll a (chl‐a), chlorophyll b (chl‐b), total chlorophyll (total chl), and carotenoids), growth and yield performance. All antioxidants in roots, shoots and leaves of chickpea increase with increasing FA doses to combat FA stress. The activities of antioxidants were more in the root tissues to cope with stress induced in the plants as compared to shoot and leaf. Concentration of metals was found maximum in roots than the shoots and seeds. The highest concentration of Fe and lowest level of Cd were recorded in all treatments of FA for different parts of the plant. The treated crop showed reduced level of chlorophyll but enhanced level of carotenoids and protein. However, root length, number of nodules and biomass in 25 and 50% FA treatments did not differ significantly in comparison to respective control plants. These results suggest that heavy metals of FA causes oxidative stress in this crop and the antioxidant enzymes could help a pivotal role against oxidative injury.     

黑龙江多宝山斑岩铜矿的铜金属来源与富集规律

黑龙江多宝山斑岩铜矿位于兴——蒙海西期造山带的东端。该区早古生代的演化受制于兴——蒙洋向东偏北消减于布列亚-佳木斯地块之下,火山弧呈近北西向;晚古生代的演化受制于兴——蒙洋向北西消减于克鲁伦——额尔古纳地块之下,构造线为北东走向。多宝山矿床的金属铜是多来源的,主要矿源层是中奥陶世弧火山岩,次要矿源层是早泥盆世裂谷火山岩。中海西期的中性侵入岩也提供了部分矿源,但它对成矿更主要的贡献是三期脉动式的热液活动成为高背景场中铜元素迁移和富集的主要动力。金属铜在从围岩中汲取出来富集就位于斑岩体周围的同时,在矿区及邻区较大范围内形成铜元素的降低区。多宝山斑岩铜矿的成矿期是中海西期。晚海西-印支期和燕山期的构造-岩浆事件中有其它类型的铜(或铜-多金属)矿床形成,并使多宝山斑岩铜矿遭受改造。     

Assessment of phosphogypsum impact on the salt-marshes of the Tinto river (SW Spain): role of natural attenuation processes

About 120 Mton of phosphogypsum from the fertiliser industry were stack-piled on the salt-marshes of the Tinto river (Spain). This paper investigates the capacity of salt-marshes to attenuate contamination due to downward leaching from phosphogypsum. Solids and pore-waters were characterized at different depths of the pile to reach the marsh-ground. In superficial zones, metals were highly mobile, and no reduced sulphur was found. However, pollutant concentration decreased in the pore-water in deeper oxygen-restricted zones. Metal removal occurred by precipitation of newly formed sulphides, being this process main responsible for the contamination attenuation. Pyrite-S was the main sulphide component (up to 2528 mg/kg) and occurred as framboids, leading to high degrees of pyritization (up to 97%). The sulphidization reaction is Fe-limited; however, excess of acid-volatile sulphide over other metals cause precipitation of other sulphides, mainly of Cu and As. This decrease in metal mobility significantly minimises the impact of phosphogypsums on the salt-marshes.