Numerical modeling of secondary migration and its applications to Chang-6 Member of Yanchang Formation (Upper Triassic), Longdong area, Ordos Basin, China

Mathematic modeling, established on the basis of physical experiments, is becoming an increasingly important tool in oil and gas migration studies. This technique is based on the observation that hydrocarbon migration tends to take relative narrow pathways. A mathematical model of hydrocarbon migration and accumulation is constructed using the percolation theory. It is then calibrated using physical experimental results, and is tested under a variety of conditions, to understand the applicability of the model in different migration cases. Through modeling, dynamic conditions of large-scale migration pathways within homogeneous formations can be evaluated. Basin-scale hydrocarbon migration pathways and their characteristics are analyzed during the model application to the Chang-8 Member of the Triassic Yanchang Formation in Longdong area of Ordos Basin. In heterogeneous formations, spatial changes in fluid potential determine the direction of secondary migration, and heterogeneity controls the characteristics and geometry of secondary migration pathways.     

The controls of geomorphology and sediment supply on sequence stratigraphic architecture and sediment partitioning of the lacustrine rift basin in the Es3 of Liuzan area,Nanpu Sag,Bohai Bay Basin,China

An important hydrocarbon reservoir is hosted by the third member of the Shahejie Formation (Es₃) in the Liuzan area, Nanpu Sag, Bohai Bay Basin, China. The Es₃ can be divided into five third-order sequences (from base to top: Sq1, Sq2, Sq3, Sq4 and Sq5). Utilising well logs, cores and high-resolution 3-D seismic data, this study investigates the development characteristics and styles of sediment transport pathways in the steep-slope zone of the lacustrine rift basin. Two styles of sediment transport pathway are identified in the study area, including the faulted trough and fault slope-break zone. The faulted trough is divided into a single faulted trough, synthetic faulted trough and antithetic faulted trough. The fault slope-break zone is composed of synthetic fault slope-break zone and antithetic fault slope-break zone. The fan-delta plain and fan-delta front are recognised in the study area. The different styles of delivery conduits control depositional facies types and the spatial and temporal evolution of fan-delta depositional systems from Sq3 to Sq5. Based on paleo-geomorphological reconstruction, the dispersal pattern of the steep-slope zone system divided into a northern steep-slope system and an eastern steep-slope system is established. In Sq3, the northern steep-slope system develops large-scale mixed sandy–muddy fan-delta deposits derived from the NW. The eastern steep-slope system feeds the medium-scale gravel-rich fan-delta sediments. In Sq4, the large-scale mixed sandy–muddy fan-delta deposits develop from the NNE direction in the northern steep-slope system. The small-scale sand-rich fan-delta sediments are transported from the eastern steep-slope system. In Sq5, the large-scale mixed sand–mud fan-delta deposits are fed by both the northern steep-slope system and eastern steep-slope system. The strata stacking pattern exhibits a seesaw mode in the study area. Based on the analysis of the channel-belt thickness and the fan-scales, the paleogeomorphology of the drainage area in Sq3 and Sq4 and sediment supply in Sq5 alternatively control the sequence stratigraphic architecture and sediment partitioning in the sink area. The model proposed in this study may aid in the prediction of favourable reservoirs and good source–reservoir–seal development in lacustrine rift basin.     

As、Cd和Pb植物根系吸收途径和影响因素研究现状与进展

环境中的毒性元素被植物吸收后,不仅危害植物生长,还会通过生物链的传递危害人类健康。植物吸收毒性元素有根、茎、叶三种途径,其中根系吸收最为重要。明晰毒性元素进入根细胞的途径和影响因素,有助于阻控其进入植物,降低食用风险。近年来,在毒性元素根系吸收途径研究领域,国际上主要开展了吸收动力学过程、转运蛋白识别和外界环境作用机制研究。本文从根系对As、Cd、Pb的吸收途径和影响因素两个方面,对植物利用转运蛋白和离子通道跨膜转运过程、根际环境与共存元素的影响等进行了评述,并认为在分子尺度下开展毒性元素细胞吸收动态过程、细胞响应机制和根际多因素作用机理研究是该领域未来发展方向,同时推测As(Ⅲ)的外排机制与P类似,且Pb2+利用了Ca2+通道转运至木质部。     

黑潮化学物质输入东海的途径与通量

在对黑潮水文特征分析的基础上,探讨了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入途径,归纳总结了黑潮对东海生源要素、痕量元素、同位素及其他化学物质的输入特征,提出了黑潮对中国近海化学物质输入研究应着重关注的问题。主要的结论包括:吕宋海峡、中国台湾东北部及日本九州西南海域是黑潮向中国近海输送化学物质的3个关键区域;黑潮表层水向东海陆架的扩展、次表层水和中层水的涌升以及黑潮季节性流轴摆动是黑潮向东海输送化学物质的基本途径。黑潮主体生源要素的浓度随深度的增加而增大。黑潮对东海生源要素的影响夏季最弱、春季次之、秋冬季最强,其对东海生源要素的输入通量要远高于河流、大气等其他输入源,并且各水层中以中层水的生源要素输入通量为最大。痕量元素在黑潮主体的分布、对东海的输入通量等方面均表现出了与生源要素的差异,各痕量元素的分布及输入通量随痕量元素的不同而不尽相同,其中次表层水的涌升在对邻近海域痕量元素分布的影响中起到了重要作用。同位素可指示黑潮对东海陆架的入侵程度及变化规律,并与营养盐等有一定的相关性。黑潮是东海微量温室气体N2O,CH4等其他化学物质的重要输入源,进而对东海生态环境产生影响。进一步研究应着重从系统性外海观测、痕量元素及同位素等化学物质调查、黑潮对中国近海输入化学物质的控制过程等方面深入开展。     

氮掺杂碳材料活化过硫酸盐降解4-氯苯酚

为了进一步研究氮掺杂碳材料活化过硫酸盐降解4-氯苯酚的方法,首先以廉价易得的废弃工业糖浆作为碳源,以氨水作为氮源,利用溶胶-凝胶法合成了3种氮掺杂碳材料（NC-700,NC-800和NC-900）,并利用扫描电子显微镜（SEM）、X射线衍射（XRD）、拉曼光谱（Raman）、X射线光电子能谱（XPS）等技术对氮掺杂碳材料进行表征分析;然后考察了NC-800投加量、过硫酸盐（PDS）投加量和初始pH等因素对4-氯苯酚去除率的影响,并进行了电子自旋共振（ESR）和自由基淬灭实验。结果表明：3种材料均可有效活化PDS降解4-氯苯酚,其中NC-800活化PDS去除4-氯苯酚效率最高;当NC-800投加量为100 mg/L、PDS投加量为5 mmol/L时,反应30 min后,50 mg/L的4-氯苯酚的总去除率达99.10%;初始pH对4-氯苯酚去除率无明显影响;NC-800活化过硫酸盐降解4-氯苯酚遵循非自由基途径,单线态氧为降解4-氯苯酚的活性物质。循环使用实验证明NC-800具有一定的稳定性,4次循环使用后,4-氯苯酚去除率仍可达到73.80%。     

单个裂隙中油运移实验及特征分析

利用狭窄平行板裂隙模型来模拟和分析单个裂隙内油运移的过程。实验中采用表面起伏的玻璃板制作平行板裂隙模型,通过改变水中蔗糖的浓度控制两相流体间的密度差,来分析不同密度差和注入速率条件下油的运移过程和特征。观察发现,油在饱含水的狭窄裂隙空间内的运移特征与在孔隙介质中的运移有相似之处:运移的路径只占通道的一部分,都具有不规则的分形特征,也可形成活塞式、指进式和路径式等模式。而这些模式的形成也同样受各种因素的影响。利用孔隙介质中油运移实验结果总结出来的、以Bo数和Ca数为纵横坐标运移相图完全可以用来表征单个裂隙中油的运移模式。     

Environmental hypoxia as a metabolic constraint on fish: The case of Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua

Hypoxia is known to provoke a wide range of effects on aquatic animals. Here we use laboratory and field data on Atlantic cod, Gadus morhua, to illustrate that many of these responses can be explained within the metabolic scope (MS) framework, i.e. taking into account the directive and limiting effects of dissolved oxygen (DO) on the ability of animals to acquire energy for growth and activity. A MS model for cod shows that scope for activity (swimming, feeding, etc.) is proportional to DO and becomes nil, jeopardising survival, when DO is <≈20% air saturation. Laboratory studies have confirmed this lethal threshold and demonstrated that growth and food ingestion were significantly reduced below 70% sat. This loss of appetite has been linked to a reduction of the peak value and an increase in duration of postprandial metabolism, in agreement with the MS model. Dwindling MS during hypoxia imposes an upper limit to swimming performance. Cod may also opt to reduce spontaneous swimming activity to spare oxygen for other activities such as digestion. In the Kattegat, the Baltic Sea, and the Gulf of St. Lawrence, eastern Canada, cod completely avoid waters where their MS is near zero. Furthermore, cod density increases exponentially with DO up to ≈70% sat in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. Although hypoxia results in other direct and indirect effects as well, the MS framework allows modelling of many of the responses to hypoxia for individual cod that ought to be reflected at the population and community levels. The MS framework is also useful to compare species responses. We show that the impact of hypoxia on MS is similar, when expressed as a proportion of MS in normoxia, in cod, European sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax), the common sole (Solea solea) and turbot (Psetta maxima). Data are required for other species to evaluate how general these findings are.     

致密储层源储结构对储层含油性的控制作用——以鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区长6～长8段为例

鄂尔多斯盆地长6～长8段致密油是中国典型的致密油分布区。源储紧密接触是致密油的典型特征与成藏条件。致密油层非均质性强,石油运移多以垂向短距离为主。已有研究表明,储层非均质性是影响鄂尔多斯盆地合水地区剩余油分布的重要因素,但是目前对合水地区储层含油性影响因素的研究很少。通过分析合水地区长6～长8段源储结构及其与含油性的关系,研究其对储层含油性的控制作用。结果表明:合水地区长6～长8段源储结构复杂,长7段为源储一体型岩性组合,可细分为源夹储型、源储互层型与储夹源型3种类型,长6与长8段为研究区主要储层,与烃源岩形成邻源型岩性组合,细分为源储接触型、源储过渡型与源储间隔型3种类型;长7段源夹储型岩性组合的含油性最好,长6与长8段源储接触型岩性组合的含油性最好,最有利于致密油聚集;长6～长8段形成干酪根网络→孔隙+微裂缝型、干酪根网络+构造裂缝→孔隙+微裂缝型两种石油运移通道组合,为致密油充注提供有利的通道网络。     

基于乡村多功能理论的贫困村域演变特征与振兴路径探讨——以海南省什寒村为例

对于多数农村地区而言,贫困是制约乡村发展的重要因素,为摆脱对农业的过度依赖和单一生产功能,乡村多功能逐步进入人们的视野并日渐受到关注,在很大程度上多功能路径有助于减少贫困发生率,并提高农村社区和家庭面对生存压力的能力。论文立足于乡村振兴的时代背景,在阐释乡村多功能概念内涵的基础上,采用实地调研和半结构式访谈等方法,基于多功能视角剖析贫困村域乡村发展的演变特征及驱动因素,总结提炼其创新发展模式,在此基础上进一步探讨贫困村域乡村振兴的路径选择。结果表明：① 在内外部驱动力的作用下,海南省什寒村实现了从弱势的贫困农村向产品多样化的多功能乡村转变;② 乡村农业生产、就业与社会保障、生态保育及文化传承等多项功能的协调发展,对于提高农村社会经济发展水平、增强乡村弹性具有积极意义;③ 驱动乡村多功能演化的因素包含政策支持、市场需求、自然本底、资金技术、行为主体和文化特质等多个方面;④ 针对贫困村域乡村发展存在的制约因素,提出从宏观层面提供乡村振兴外援力、从中观层面促进乡村振兴交互力、从微观层面激发乡村振兴内生力,通过总体谋划、各个击破以实现乡村振兴。最后从多功能视角,对乡村振兴发展的困境与出路进行了探讨。     

准噶尔盆地陆梁地区断裂-不整合面输导体系与油气运聚

断裂是准噶尔盆地陆梁隆起油气远距离从源(盆1井西凹陷)到藏(陆梁油田)的主要通道,其中基东断裂作为油源断裂起了关键性的作用。不整合面也是该区油气顺利从源到藏的必要条件,不整合面分布的非均质性是造成该区油气分布差异性的一个重要影响因素。断裂与不整合面形成的断裂-不整合面输导体系是一个高效的输导网络,是油气顺利运聚、成藏的重要条件:二叠系顶面的不整合面与深部断裂组成的输导体系是沟通盆1井西凹陷二叠系油源向上部侏罗系运移的主要通道,而白垩系底面的区域不整合面与中浅层正断层组成的输导体系是头屯河组和呼图壁河组油气成藏的主要因素。