FY-3A/MERSI、MODIS C5.1和C6气溶胶光学厚度产品在中国区域与地面观测站点的对比分析

准确获取气溶胶光学厚度对于气候变化研究和大气环境监测具有重要意义。通过波长插值和时空匹配方法,利用气溶胶自动观测站网（AERONET）观测的气溶胶光学厚度（AOD）对风云3A/中分辨率光谱成像仪（FY-3A/MERSI）、Terra（Aqua）/MODIS的C5.1（Collections 5.1）和C6（Collections 6）气溶胶光学厚度产品在中国区域的反演精度进行验证分析。结合一次发生在中国境内的沙尘天气与一次严重雾霾天气个例,分析上述卫星气溶胶光学厚度的分布特征。研究结果表明,（1）FY-3A/MERSI AOD的反演精度较高（R=0.887,RMSE=0.234）,其值低于AERONET的观测值（Bias=-0.293）。（2）在不同的下垫面下,各种卫星暗像元算法AOD产品反演精度有差异,植被覆盖情况越好,反演精度越高,而植被很少的地区,即亮地表甚至没有反演值。（3）MODIS C5.1深蓝算法产品能在亮地表地区反演AOD,但效果不佳。MODIS C6中的深蓝算法产品在不同下垫面的反演精度都很高（RMSE为0.096-0.127）。（4）在不同季节的对比中,各种卫星AOD产品在夏季的反演精度最差,而反演最好的季节各有不同。（5）在一次沙尘天气污染与一次严重雾霾天气个例中,中国西部与北部区域,MODIS C6深蓝算法AOD的监测效果优于其他算法AOD;MERSI AOD产品在此区域的分布不连续。总体而言,MODIS C6 AOD分布比MODIS C5.1产品连续,MODIS 3 km产品在相同区域的AOD值高于其他产品。以上结论可为卫星AOD产品在中国区域的使用提供参考。      

Abundances in the interstellar medium

Summary Recent developments in the theory of element production and the chemical evolution of the galaxy are presented. Following this, observational data and their interpretation are given. A case by case analysis of results for D, He, Li and CNO isotope data in the disk and center of our galaxy is presented; previous results for element gradients are also summarized.The primordial abundances of D and He cannot be directly obtained from observations; corrections for stellar processing are discussed. From these data and the Li abundances, it appears that the abundance of the light elements is consistent with the standard big bang. In agreement with previous results, the range of, the baryon to photon ratio, is 5–8 10^–10. If the amount of non-baryonic matter is small, these results indicate an open universe, in the standard big bang model.New data show a gradient in the (¹²C/¹³C) and (¹⁶O/¹⁸O) ratios with galactocentric distance, D_GC. The presence of a gradient in the (¹⁴N/¹⁵N) ratio is less clear and there is no measurable gradient in the (³²S/³⁴S) ratio. In the interstellar medium near the sun, the carbon isotope ratio is –20 percent lower than the solar system ratio. This indicates that there has been only a moderate amount of enrichment of the nearby interstellar medium since the formation of the solar system. These results and previously determined galactic element gradients are interpreted in the framework of chemical evolution models. Delayed recycling of nucleosynthesis products is essential for the correct interpretation of the results. Comparisons of data with galactic evolution models are discussed.This article was processed by the author using the Springer-Verlag T_EX AAR macro package 1991     

1996年3月19日阿图什6.9级地震的追踪预报

根据１９９３年“新疆地震减灾综合研究”课题的分析结果，认为阿图会地区结果５－１０年发生６．５级以上强震的危害区之一。有关人员对阿图什地区加强了监视，进行了跟踪分析，作出中长期至短期不同时间尺度的预报。     

The origin and abundances of the chemical elements revisited

Summary The basic scheme of nucleosynthesis (building of heavy elements from light ones) has held up very well since it was first proposed more than 30 years ago by E.M. Burbidge, G.R. Burbidge, A.G.W. Cameron, W.A. Fowler, and F. Hoyle. Significant advances in the intervening years include (a) observations of elemental and a few isotopic ratios in many more extrasolar-system sites, including metal-poor dwarf irregular galaxies, where very little has happened, and supernovae and their remnants, where a great deal has happened, (b) recognition of the early universe as good for making all the elements up to helium, (c) resolution of heavy element burning in stars into separate carbon, neon, oxygen, and silicon burning, with fine tuning of the resulting abundances by explosive nucleosynthesis in outgoing supernova shock waves, (d) clarification of the role of Type I supernovae, (e) concordance between elements produced in short-lived and long-lived stars with those that increased quickly and slowly over the history of the galaxy, and (f) calibration of calculations of the evolution and explosion of massive stars against the detailed observations of SN 1987A. The discussion presupposes a reader (a) with some prior knowledge of astronomy at the level of recognizing what is meant by an A star and an AGB star and (b) with at least a mild interest in how we got to where we currently are.     

A cloud mask methodology for high resolution remote sensing data combining information from high and medium resolution optical sensors

This study presents a novel cloud masking approach for high resolution remote sensing images in the context of land cover mapping. As an advantage to traditional methods, the approach does not rely on thermal bands and it is applicable to images from most high resolution earth observation remote sensing sensors. The methodology couples pixel-based seed identification and object-based region growing. The seed identification stage relies on pixel value comparison between high resolution images and cloud free composites at lower spatial resolution from almost simultaneously acquired dates. The methodology was tested taking SPOT4-HRVIR, SPOT5-HRG and IRS-LISS III as high resolution images and cloud free MODIS composites as reference images. The selected scenes included a wide range of cloud types and surface features. The resulting cloud masks were evaluated through visual comparison. They were also compared with ad-hoc independently generated cloud masks and with the automatic cloud cover assessment algorithm (ACCA). In general the results showed an agreement in detected clouds higher than 95% for clouds larger than 50 ha. The approach produced consistent results identifying and mapping clouds of different type and size over various land surfaces including natural vegetation, agriculture land, built-up areas, water bodies and snow.     

青海地区中强地震及震群热红外异常信息分析

应用中国静止气象卫星FY-2E红外遥感资料对青海地区中强地震以及系列震群进行研究。经对比分析,结果表明:由地震热红外时空演化图分析知,异常总体特征为出现—最大—消失的过程,异常都出现在震中附近区域,地震热红外异常形态与断层走向基本一致;地震热红外异常时序曲线基本上很好地对应了地震的发生时段。     

黑山煤田封堵涌水孔段的浆液和注浆方法

黑山煤田处于沙漠边侧,地层有纯砂粒构成的、透水性较強的中细砂层,这类地层中如含有承压水时,会发生钻孔涌水,对于中细砂涌水钻孔,用泥浆冲孔时,可通过适当增大泥浆相对密度,来压制地下水涌出,ZK18-28孔是涌水孔,也是采用绳索取心钻进的孔,因此不宜使用高相对密度泥浆。用套管亦未奏效。若用注浆法,对于中细砂层是不适用水泥浆的。而溶液型浆液的注浆封堵中细砂层,在技术有可行性,对于涌水压力不大的孔,又有可用低强度,因而也是低成本的浆液,因此选择了比较亷价的水玻璃类的SPN浆液,并采用双隔离塞的注浆法,在ZK18-28孔中取得了封堵中细砂涌水层的初步封堵效果。     

半年、月异常频次速率法在地震预报中的应用研究

研究了1996年5月3日包头西Ms6.4地震前地下流体半年和月异常频次变化速率。对半年和月异常频次速率法的应用效果进行了检验。结果发现,用上述2种方法处理的资料异常比较明显。在9个测项中有7个测面出现了中期异常,有5个测项出现短期异常,其异常识别率优于原始图像法。     

青岛及领区NE向断裂的第四纪活动性及控震意义

近年来，在青岛地区对第四纪断裂的空间展布、结构面和地貌特征及其与第四纪地层的关系等进行了较为详细的研究，并采用热释光（TL）及电子自旋共振（ESR）法对断层物质及断裂带上覆的第四纪堆积物的年龄进行了测定。文中对上述研究成果进行了初步总结，认为青岛及邻区内的NE向断裂在空间展布、地貌特征及最新活动时代等方面具有相似性，它们的最新活动时代为中更新世中晚期，晚更新世以来不活动。除此以外未见其它方向的晚更新世以来活动的断裂，结合历史地震及现代小震活动特点分析，认为该区域内无≥6级地震的发生条件，但有发生5级左右地震的可能性。     

地下流体中强震源兆场兆及强震(群)远场兆特征的研究——以新疆乌鲁木齐10号泉为例

分析了新疆乌鲁木齐 10号泉中强震源兆、场兆及强震 (群 )远场兆的特征 ,认为中强震源兆的表现是震前 1a～ 2 a,绝大多数主测项出现同步高值异常 ,临震前有转折或反向 ,震后异常由强到弱 ,直至消失 ;中强震场兆的表现是仅有少数测项出现场兆异常变化 ,异常以脉冲式短临突跳为主。强震 (群 )场兆的表现是少数映震效能较好的测项出现趋势性前兆异常。